SYNOPSIS

#include <stdio.h>

int getc_unlocked(FILE *stream);
int getchar_unlocked(void);
int putc_unlocked(int c, FILE *stream);
int putchar_unlocked(int c);

DESCRIPTION

Versions of the functions getc(), getchar(), putc(), and putchar() respectively named getc_unlocked(), getchar_unlocked(), putc_unlocked(), and putchar_unlocked() shall be provided which are functionally equivalent to the original versions, with the exception that they are not required to be implemented in a thread-safe manner. They may only safely be used within a scope protected by flockfile() (or ftrylockfile()) and funlockfile(). These functions may safely be used in a multi-threaded program if and only if they are called while the invoking thread owns the ( FILE *) object, as is the case after a successful call to the flockfile() or ftrylockfile() functions.

RETURN VALUE

See getc() , getchar() , putc() , and putchar() .

EXAMPLES

None.

APPLICATION USAGE

Since they may be implemented as macros, getc_unlocked() and putc_unlocked() may treat incorrectly a stream argument with side effects. In particular, getc_unlocked(*f++) and putc_unlocked(*f++) do not necessarily work as expected. Therefore, use of these functions in such situations should be preceded by the following statement as appropriate:

#undef getc_unlocked
#undef putc_unlocked

RATIONALE

Some I/O functions are typically implemented as macros for performance reasons (for example, putc() and getc()). For safety, they need to be synchronized, but it is often too expensive to synchronize on every character. Nevertheless, it was felt that the safety concerns were more important; consequently, the getc(), getchar(), putc(), and putchar() functions are required to be thread-safe. However, unlocked versions are also provided with names that clearly indicate the unsafe nature of their operation but can be used to exploit their higher performance. These unlocked versions can be safely used only within explicitly locked program regions, using exported locking primitives. In particular, a sequence such as:

flockfile(fileptr);
putc_unlocked('1', fileptr);
putc_unlocked('\n', fileptr);
fprintf(fileptr, "Line 2\n");
funlockfile(fileptr);

is permissible, and results in the text sequence:

1
Line 2

being printed without being interspersed with output from other threads.

It would be wrong to have the standard names such as getc(), putc(), and so on, map to the "faster, but unsafe" rather than the "slower, but safe'' versions. In either case, you would still want to inspect all uses of getc(), putc(), and so on, by hand when converting existing code. Choosing the safe bindings as the default, at least, results in correct code and maintains the "atomicity at the function" invariant. To do otherwise would introduce gratuitous synchronization errors into converted code. Other routines that modify the stdio ( FILE *) structures or buffers are also safely synchronized.

Note that there is no need for functions of the form getc_locked(), putc_locked(), and so on, since this is the functionality of getc(), putc(), et al. It would be inappropriate to use a feature test macro to switch a macro definition of getc() between getc_locked() and getc_unlocked(), since the ISO C standard requires an actual function to exist, a function whose behavior could not be changed by the feature test macro. Also, providing both the xxx_locked() and xxx_unlocked() forms leads to the confusion of whether the suffix describes the behavior of the function or the circumstances under which it should be used.

Three additional routines, flockfile(), ftrylockfile(), and funlockfile() (which may be macros), are provided to allow the user to delineate a sequence of I/O statements that are executed synchronously.

The ungetc() function is infrequently called relative to the other functions/macros so no unlocked variation is needed.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

COPYRIGHT

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .