DESCRIPTION
Similar to "grep", "glark" offers: Perl-compatible regular expressions, color highlighting of matches, context around matches, complex expressions (``and'' and ``or''), grep output emulation, and automatic exclusion of non-text files. Its regular expressions should be familiar to persons experienced in Perl, Python, or Ruby. File may also be a list of files in the form of a path.OPTIONS
Input
-
- -0[nnn]
- Use \nnn (octal) as the input record separator. If nnn is omitted, use '\n\n' as the record separator, which treats paragraphs as lines.
- -d ACTION, --directories=ACTION
- Directories are processed according to the given ACTION, which by default is "read". If ACTION is "recurse", each file in the directory is read and each subdirectory is recursed into (equivalent to the "-r" option). If ACTION is "skip", directories are not read, and no message is produced.
- --binary-files=TYPE
- Specify how to handle binary files, thus overriding the default behavior, which is to denote the binary files that match the expression, without displaying the match. TYPE may be one of: "binary", the default; "without-match", which results in binary files being skipped; and "text", which results in the binary file being treated as text, the display of which may have bad side effects with the terminal. Note that the default behavior has changed; this previously was to skip binary files. The same effect may be achieved by setting binary-files to "without-match" in the ~/.glarkrc file.
- --[with-]basename EXPR, --[with-]name EXPR
- Search only files whose names match the given regular expression. As in find(1), this works on the basename of the file. This expression can be negated and modified with "!" and "i", such as '!/io\.[hc]$/i'.
- --[with-]fullname EXPR, --[with-]path EXPR
- Search only files whose names, including path, match the given regular expression. As in find(1), this works on the path of the file. This expression can be negated and modified with "!" and "i", such as '!/Dialog.*\.java$/i'.
- --without-basename EXPR, --without-name EXPR
- Do not search files with base names matching the given regular expression.
- --without-fullname EXPR, --without-path EXPR
- Do not search files with full names matching the given regular expression.
- -M, --exclude-matching
- Do not search files whose names match the given expression. This can be useful for finding external references to a file, or to a class (assuming that class names match file names).
- -r, --recurse
- Recurse through directories. Equivalent to --directories=read.
- --split-as-path(=VALUE), --no-split-as-path
- Sets whether, if a command line argument includes the path separator (such as ``:''), the argument should be split by the path separator. This functionality is useful for using environment variables as input, such as $PATH and $CLASSPATH, which are automatically split and processed as a list of files and directories. The default value of this option is ``true''. "--no-split-as-path" is equivalent to "--split-as-path=false".
- --size-limit=SIZE
- If provided, files no larger than SIZE bytes will be searched. This is useful when running the "--recurse" option on directories that may contain large files.
Matching
-
- -a NUM expr1 expr2
- --and NUM expr1 expr2
- --and=NUM expr1 expr2
- ( expr1 --and=NUM expr2 )
- Match both of the two expressions, within NUM lines of each other. See the EXPRESSIONS section for more information.
- -b NUM[%], --before NUM[%]
- Restrict the search to before the given location, which represents either the number of the last line within the valid range, or the percentage of lines to be searched.
- --after NUM[%]
- Restrict the search to after the given section, which represents either the number of the first line within the valid range, or the percentage of lines to be skipped.
- -f FILE, --file=FILE
- Use the lines in the given file as expressions. Each line consists of a regular expression.
- -i, --ignore-case
- Match regular expressions without regard to case. The default is case sensitive.
- -m NUM, --match-limit NUM
- Find only the first NUM matches in each file.
- -o expr1 expr2
- --or expr1 expr2
- ( expr1 --or expr2 )
- Match either of the two expressions. See the EXPRESSIONS section for more information.
- -R, --range NUM[%],NUM[%]
- Restrict the search to the given range of lines, as either line numbers or a percentage of the length of the file.
- -v, --invert-match
- Show lines that do not match the expression.
- -w, --word, --word-regexp
- Put word boundaries around each pattern, thus matching only where the full word(s) occur in the text. Thus, "glark -w Foo" is the same as "glark '/\bFoo\b/'".
- -x, --line-regexp
- Select only where the entire line matches the pattern(s).
- --xor expr1 expr2
- ( expr1 --xor expr2 )
- Match either of the two expressions, but not both. See the EXPRESSIONS section for more information.
Output
-
- -A NUM, --after-context=NUM
- Print NUM lines after a matched expression.
- -B NUM, --before-context=NUM
- Print NUM lines before a matched expression.
- -C [NUM], -NUM, --context[=NUM]
- Output NUM lines of context around a matched expression. The default is no context. If no NUM is given for this option, the number of lines of context is 2.
- -c, --count
- Instead of normal output, display only the number of matches in each file.
- -F, --file-color COLOR
- Specify the highlight color for file names. See the HIGHLIGHTING section for the values that can be used.
- --no-filter
- Display the entire file(s), presumably with matches highlighted.
- -g, --grep
- Produce output like the grep default: file names, no line numbers, and a single line of the match, which will be the first line for matches that span multiple lines. If the EMACS environment variable is set, this value is set to true. Thus, running glark under Emacs results in the output format expected by Emacs.
- -h, --no-filename
- Do not display the names of the files that matched.
- -H, --with-filename
- Display the names of the files that matched. This is the default behavior.
- -l, --files-with-matches
- Print only the names of the file that matched the expression.
- -L, --files-without-match
- Print only the names of the file that did not match the expression.
- --label=NAME
- Use NAME as output file name. This is useful when reading from standard input.
- -n, --line-number
- Display the line numbers. This is the default behavior.
- -N, --no-line-number
- Do not display the line numbers.
- --line-number-color
- Specify the highlight color for line numbers. This defaults to none (no highlighting). See the HIGHLIGHTING section for more information.
- -T, --text-color COLOR
- Specify the highlight color for text. See the HIGHLIGHTING section for more information.
- --text-color-NUM COLOR
- Specify the highlight color for the regular expression capture NUM. Colors are used by regular expressions in the order they are created (that is, with the "--and" and "--or" option), or with captures within a regular expression (such as '/(this)|(that)/'). is See the HIGHLIGHTING section for more information.
- -u, --highlight=[FORMAT]
- Enable highlighting. This is the default behavior. Format is ``single'' (one color) or ``multi'' (different color per regular expression). See the HIGHLIGHTING section for more information.
- -U, --no-highlight
- Disable highlighting.
- -y, --extract-matches
- Display only the region that matched, not the entire line. If the expression contains ``backreferences'' (i.e., expressions bounded by ``( ... )''), then only the portion captured will be displayed, not the entire line. This option is useful with "-g", which eliminates the default highlighting and display of file names.
- -Z, --null
- When in -l mode, write file names followed by the ASCII NUL character ('\0') instead of '\n'.
Debugging/Errors
-
- -?, --help
- Display the help message.
- --config
- Display the settings glark is using, and exit. Since this is run after configuration files are read, this may be useful for determining values of configuration parameters.
- --explain
- Write the expression in a more legible format, useful for debugging.
- -q, -s, --quiet, --no-messages
- Suppress warnings.
- -Q, --no-quiet
- Enable warnings. This is the default.
- -V, --version
- Display version information.
- --verbose
- Display normally suppressed output, for debugging purposes.
EXPRESSIONS
Regular Expressions
Regular expressions are expected to be in the Perl/Ruby format. "perldoc perlre" has more general information. The expression may be of either form:
something
/something/
There is no difference between the two forms, except that with the latter, one can provide the ``ignore case'' modifier, thus matching ``someThing'' and ``SoMeThInG'':
% glark /something/i
Note that this is redundant with the "-i" ("--ignore-case") option.
All regular expression characters and options are available, such as ``\w'', ``.*?'' and ``[^9]''. For example:
% glark '\b[a-z][^\d]\d{1,3}.*\s*>>\s*\d+\s*.*& +\d{3}'
If the and and or options are not used, the last non-option is considered to be the expression to be matched. In the following, ``printf'' is used as the expression.
% glark -w printf *.c
POSIX character classes (e.g., [[:alpha:]]) are also supported.
Complex Expressions
Complex expressions combine regular expressions (and complex expressions themselves) with logical AND, OR, and XOR operators. Both prefix and infix notation is supported.
-
- -o expr1 expr2
- --or expr1 expr2 --end-of-or
- ( expr1 --or expr2 )
- Match either of the two expressions. The results of the two forms are equivalent. In the latter syntax, the --end-of-or is optional.
- -a number expr1 expr2
- --and=number expr1 expr2 --end-of-and
- ( expr1 --and number expr2 )
-
Match both of the two expressions, within <number> lines of each other. As with
the "or" option, the results of the two forms are equivalent, and the
"--end-of-and" is optional. The forms "-aNUM" and "--and=NUM" are also
supported.
If the number provided is -1 (negative one), the distance is considered to be ``infinite'', and thus, the condition is satisfied if both expressions match within the same file.
If the number provided is 0 (zero), the condition is satisfied if both expressions match on the same line.
If the --and option is used, and the follow argument is not numeric, then the value defaults to zero.
A warning will be issued if the value given in the number position does not appear to be numeric.
- --xor expr1 expr2 --end-of-xor
- ( expr1 --xor expr2 )
- Match either of the two expressions, but not both. "--end-of-xor" is optional.
Negated Regular Expressions
Regular expressions can be negated, by being prefixed with '!', and using the '/' quote characters around the expression, such as:
!/expr/
This has the effect of ``match anything other than this''. For a single expression, this is no different than the -v/--invert-match option, but it can be useful in complex expressions, such as:
--and 0 this '!/that/'
which means ``match and line that has ''this``, but not ''that".
HIGHLIGHTING
Matching patterns and file names can be highlighted using ANSI escape sequences. Both the foreground and the background colors may be specified, from the following:
black
blue
cyan
green
magenta
red
white
yellow
The foreground may have any number of the following modifiers applied:
blink
bold
concealed
reverse
underline
underscore
The format is ``MODIFIERS FOREGROUND on BACKGROUND''. For example:
red
black on yellow (the default for patterns)
reverse bold (the default for file names)
green on white
bold underline red on cyan
By default text is highlighted as black on yellow. File names are written in reversed bold text.
EXAMPLES
Basic Usage
-
- % glark format *.h
- Searches for ``format'' in the local .h files.
- % glark --ignore-case format *.h
-
Searches for ``format'' without regard to case. Short form:
% glark -i format *.h - % glark --context=6 format *.h
-
Produces 6 lines of context around any match for ``format''. Short forms:
% glark -C 6 format *.h
% glark -6 format *.h - % glark --exclude-matching Object *.java
-
Find references to ``Object'', excluding the files whose names match ``Object''.
Thus, SessionBean.java would be searched; EJBObject.java would not. Short form:
% glark -M Object *.java - % glark --grep --extract-matches '\w+\.printStackTrace\(.*\)' *.java
-
Show where exceptions are dumped. Note that the "--grep" option is used, thus
turning off highlighting and display of file names. If the "--no-filename"
option is used, the output will consist of only the matching portions. The short
form of this command is:
% glark -gy '\w+\.printStackTrace\(.*\)' *.java - % glark --grep --extract-matches '(\w+)\.printStackTrace\(.*\)' *.java
-
Show only the variable name of exceptions that are dumped. Short form:
% glark -gy '(\w+)\.printStackTrace\(.*\)' *.java - % who | glark -gy '^(\S+)\s+\S+\s*May 15'
- Display only the names of users who logged in today.
- % glark -l '\b\w{25,}\b' *.txt
- Display (only) the names of the text files that contain ``words'' at least 25 characters long.
- % glark --files-without-match '"\w+"'
-
Display (only) the names of the files that do not contain strings consisting of
a single word. Short form:
% glark -L '``\w+''' - % for i in *.jar; do jar tvf $i | glark --LABEL=$i Exception; done
- Search the files for 'Exception', displaying the jar file name instead of the standard input marker ('-').
Highlighting
-
See the HIGHLIGHTING section for valid colors and modifiers.
Complex Expressions
-
- % glark --or format print *.h
-
Searches for either ``printf'' or ``format''. Short form:
% glark -o format print *.h - % glark --and 4 printf format *.c *.h
-
Searches for both ``printf'' or ``format'' within 4 lines of each other. Short form:
% glark -a 4 printf format *.c *.h - % glark --context=3 --and 0 printf format *.c
-
Searches for both ``printf'' or ``format'' on the same line (``within 0 lines of each
other''). Three lines of context are displayed around any matches. Short form:
% glark -3 -a 0 printf format *.c - % glark -8 -i -a 15 -a 2 pthx '\.\.\.' -o 'va_\w+t' die *.c
- (In order of the options:) Produces 8 lines of context around case insensitive matches of (``phtx'' within 2 lines of '...' (literal)) within 15 lines of (either ``va_\w+t'' or ``die'').
- % glark --and -1 '#define\s+YIELD' '#define\s+dTHR' *.h
-
Looks for ``#define\s+YIELD'' within the same file (-1 == ``infinite distance'') of
``#define\s+dTHR''. Short form:
% glark -a -1 '#define\s+YIELD' '#define\s+dTHR' *.h
Range Limiting
-
- % glark --before 50% cout *.cpp
-
Find references to ``cout'', within the first half of the file. Short form:
% glark -b 50% cout *.cpp - % glark --after 20 cout *.cpp
-
Find references to ``cout'', starting at the 20th line in the file. Short form:
% glark -b 50% cout *.cpp - % glark --range 20 50% cout *.cpp
-
Find references to ``cout'', in the first half of the file, after the 20th line.
Short form:
% glark -R 20 50% cout *.cpp
File Processing
-
- % glark -r print .
- Search for ``print'' in all files at and below the current directory.
- % glark --fullname='/\.java$/' -r println org
- Search for ``println'' in all Java files at and below the ``org'' directory.
- % glark --basename='!/CVS/' -r '\b\d\d:\d\d:\d\d\b' .
- Search for a time pattern in all files without ``CVS'' in their basenames.
- % glark --size-limit=1024 -r main -r .
- Search for ``main'' in files no larger than 1024 bytes.
ENVIRONMENT
- GLARKOPTS
- A string of whitespace-delimited options. Due to parsing constraints, should probably not contain complex regular expressions.
- $HOME/.glarkrc
-
A resource file, containing name/value pairs, separated by either ':' or '='.
The valid fields of a .glarkrc file are as follows, with example values:
after-context: 1 before-context: 6 context: 5 file-color: blue on yellow highlight: off ignore-case: false quiet: yes text-color: bold reverse line-number-color: bold verbose: false grep: true``yes'' and ``on'' are synonymnous with ``true''. ``no'' and ``off'' signify ``false''.
My ~/.glarkrc file is the following:
file-color: bold reverse text-color: bold black on yellow context: 2 highlight: on verbose: false ignore-case: false quiet: yes word: false binary-files: without-match - local .glarkrc
-
See the local-config-files field below:
Fields
- after-context
-
See the "--after-context" option. For example, for 3 lines of context after the
match:
after-context: 3 - basename
-
See the "--basename" option. For example, to omit Subversion directories:
basename: !/\.svn/ - before-context
-
See the "--before-context" option. For example, for 7 lines of context before
the match:
before-context: 7 - binary-files
-
See the "--binary-files" option. For example, to skip binary files:
binary-files: without-match - context
-
See the "--context" option. For example, for 2 lines before and after matches:
context: 2 - expression
-
See the EXPRESSION section. Example:
expression: --or '^\s*public\s+class\s+\w+' '^\s*\w+\( - file-color
-
See the "--file-color" option. For example, for white on black:
file-color: white on black - filter
-
See the "--filter" option. For example, to show the entire file:
filter: false - fullname
-
See the "--fullname" and "--basename" options. For example, to omit CVS files:
fullname: !/\bCVS\b/ - grep
-
See the "--grep" option. For example, to always run in grep mode:
grep: true - highlight
-
See the "--highlight" option. To turn off highlighting:
highlight: false - ignore-case
-
See the "--ignore-case" option. To make matching case-insensitive:
ignore-case: true - known-nontext-files
-
The extensions of files that should be considered to always be nontext (binary).
If a file extension is not known, the file contents are examined for nontext
characters. Thus, setting this field can result in faster searches. Example:
known-nontext-files: class exe dll comSee the Exclusion of Non-Text Files section in NOTES for the default settings.
- known-text-files
-
The extensions of files that should be considered to always be text. See above
for more. Example:
known-text-files: ini bat xsl xmlSee the Exclusion of Non-Text Files section in NOTES for the default settings.
- local-config-files
-
By default, glark uses only the configuration file ~/.glarkrc. Enabling this
makes glark search upward from the current directory for the first .glarkrc
file.
This can be used, for example, in a Java project, where .class files are binary, versus a PHP project, where .class files are text:
/home/me/.glarkrclocal-config-files: true/home/me/projects/java/.glarkrcknown-nontext-files: class/home/me/projects/php/.glarkrcknown-text-files: classWith this configuration, .class files will automatically be treated as binary file in Java projects, and .class files will be treated as text. This can speed up searches.
Note that the configuration file ~/.glarkrc is read first, so the local configuration file can override those settings.
- quiet
- See the "--quiet" option.
- show-break
-
Whether to display breaks between sections, when displaying context. Example:
show-break: trueBy default, this is false.
- text-color
-
See the "--text-color" option. Example:
text-color: bold blue on white - verbose
-
See the "--verbose" option. Example:
verbose: true - verbosity
-
See the "--verbosity" option. Example:
verbosity: 4
NOTES
Exclusion of Non-Text Files
Non-text files are automatically skipped, by taking a sample of the file and checking for an excessive number of non-ASCII characters. For speed purposes, this test is skipped for files whose suffixes are associated with text files:
c
cpp
css
h
f
for
fpp
hpp
html
java
mk
php
pl
pm
rb
rbw
txt
Similarly, this test is also skipped for files whose suffixes are associated with non-text (binary) files:
Z
a
bz2
elc
gif
gz
jar
jpeg
jpg
o
obj
pdf
png
ps
tar
zip
See the "known-text-files" and "known-nontext-files" fields for denoting file
name suffixes to associate as text or nontext.
Exit Status
The exit status is 0 if matches were found; 1 if no matches were found, and 2 if there was an error. An inverted match (the -v/--invert-match option) will result in 1 for matches found, 0 for none found.
CAVEATS
``Unbalanced'' leading and trailing slashes will result in those slashes being included as characters in the regular expression. Thus, the following pairs are equivalent:
/foo "/foo"
/foo\/ "/foo/"
/foo\/i "/foo/i"
foo/ "foo/"
foo/ "foo/"
The code to detect nontext files assumes ASCII, not Unicode.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2006, Jeff Pace.All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the Lesser GNU Public License. See http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html for more information.