SYNOPSIS
hexer [options] [file [...]]DESCRIPTION
hexer is a multi-buffer editor for viewing and manipulating binary files. It can't (shouldn't) be used for editing block devices, because it tries to load the whole file into a buffer (it should work for diskettes). The most important features of hexer are: multi buffers, multi level undo, command line editing with completion, binary regular expressions (see below). The user interface is kept similar to vi, so if you know how to use vi, you'll get started easily.OPTIONS
- -R, --readonly
- -v, --view
- Edit files in read only mode.
- -r, --recover filename
- Recover the file filename after a crash. (not implemented)
- -c, --command command
-
Start the editing session by executing the editor command
command.
If
command
contains spaces, it must be surrounded by double quotes. It is possible to
specify multiple commands on the command line:
hexer -c command1 -c command2 ... - -t, --tite
- Turn off the usage of the termcap/terminfo ti/te sequence.
- -h, --help
- Print out a short help message and exit.
- +command
- This is equivalent to the -c option.
Note: The long options are not available on all systems.
CUSTOMIZING
The editor reads its startup commands from the file ~/.hexerrc (another startup file may be specified by setting the environment variable HEXERRC). Empty lines and lines starting with a `"'-character (double quote) are ignored. It is not possible to have a command and a comment in the same line.EDITOR COMMANDS
As in vi, there are several editing modes:- Command Mode
-
Some commands in
Command Mode
can take a numeric argument. To enter a numeric argument just type the
(decimal) number. The number will be echoed at the bottom line of the screen
as you type. To enter an octal number, type a `0' as the first digit.
To enter a hexadecimal number, type `0x' (this is not a problem, because the
x-command
with a zero counter wouldn't make sense anyway).
Some of the commands can take a visually selected area as an argument
(see subsection
Visual Mode).
-
- b
- Move backwards to the beginning of a word.
- e
- Move to the end of a word.
- G
- If a numeric argument n is given, move the cursor to position n. If no argument is specified, set the position to the end of the buffer. The first byte in the buffer is at position `0', so the command to move to the beginning of the buffer is `0G'.
- Control-G
- Display the buffer name, size, status and the current position at the bottom line.
- h j k l
- Move the cursor. The arrow keys work as well. The numeric argument (if specified) determines the number rows or columns the cursor will move. Different from vi: the cursor can be positioned behind the last byte in the buffer.
- i
- Enter Insert Mode (see below) at the current position of the point. If a numeric argument n is given, the typed text will be inserted n times. Note: Moving the cursor (using the arrow keys) will discard the numeric argument.
- n
- Move to the next match using the current RE. This is equivalent to typing `/', <Return>.
- N
- Move to the previous match using the current RE. This is equivalent to typing `?', <Return>.
- Control-O
- Paste over. Copy the kill buffer to the current position overwriting the contents of the current buffer. If a numeric argument n is given, the kill buffer is pasted n times.
- p
- Paste. Insert the kill buffer at the current position. If a numeric argument n is given, the kill buffer is pasted n times.
- r
- Replace a single byte using the Replace Mode. If an area is selected, all bytes in the selected area are replaced. If a numeric argument is given, the specified number of bytes is replaced.
- R
- Enter Replace Mode (see below). If a numeric argument n is given, the replace command is repeated n times. Note: Moving the cursor (using the arrow keys) will discard the numeric argument.
- Control-R
- Redo the last undo.
- u
- Undo the last change to the current buffer.
Whenever possible hexer creates a file name.hexer in the current directory (the swapfile) for each buffer visited (where name is the name of the buffer). All changes made to the buffer name are stored in that file, so it is possible to undo (and redo) all changes made to the buffer. If the swapfile can't be created, the undo list is stored in the memory.
- v
- Enter Visual Mode (see below). Visual selection of areas.
- w
- Move forward to the beginning of a word.
- x
- Delete the byte under the cursor. If a numeric argument n is given, n bytes are deleted. In Visual Mode, the selected area is deleted. Note: The bytes deleted using the x-command are not copied to the kill buffer.
- Control-X
- The same as the x-command, but the bytes deleted are copied to the kill buffer.
- y
- Yank. Yank the byte under the cursor into the kill buffer. If a numeric argument n is given, n bytes are yanked into the kill buffer. In Visual Mode, the selected area is copied to the kill buffer.
- zb
- Place the cursor in the bottom line of the screen.
- zt
- Place the cursor in the top line of the screen.
- zz
-
Place the cursor in the middle line of the screen.
Note that the commands zb, zt and zz don't change the position in the file - only the screen is scrolled (if necessary). - :
- Enter Exh Mode (see below). The Exh Mode is similar to the ex-mode in vi, but not compatible. If an area is selected, the bounds of the selection are copied to the command line.
- /
-
Search forward through the buffer using a
RE(regular expression).
If no
RE
is specified, the
RE
given in the previous
/-
or
?-command
is reused.
Note: The REs in hexer are a little bit different from regular expressions in vi (see section REGULAR EXPRESSIONS). - ?
- Search reverse using a regular expression.
- .
- Repeat the last change to the buffer at the current position. This means that if the previous command deleted n bytes and replaced them by m other bytes (n or m may be zero), the .-command will do exactly the same at the current position in the file.
- <
- Shift the hex column left n bytes, where n is the (optional) numeric argument. Note that the <-command only changes the way the buffer is displayed in the hex column, the buffer itself is kept unchanged.
- >
- Shift the hex column right n bytes.
- Control-^
- Switch to the alternate buffer (see below).
- %
- Enter a calculator command (see section CALCULATOR).
-
- Visual Mode
- Select an area on the buffer. You can enter the Visual Mode by using the v-command or by specifying an area in Exh Mode. The selection starts at the cursor position when entering the Visual Mode and ends at the current cursor position. You can leave the Visual Mode without performing a command on the selected area by pressing v or Escape. To perform a command on the selected area simply enter the command as if you where in Command Mode. Commands that can't use the selection will ignore it. As in Command Mode, it is possible to specify a numeric argument. Commands that can take the selection as an argument will ignore the numeric argument.
- Insert Mode
- In Insert Mode the bytes you type are inserted at the current position of the cursor. At any time, you can toggle the active column (hex column or text column) by pressing the TAB-key. If the hex column is active the bytes are entered as two digit hex numbers, if the text column is active, the bytes are entered as ASCII text. The Delete- or BackSpace-key deletes the previously inserted byte. If the hex column is active, the previously inserted nibble (hex digit) is deleted. It is not possible to delete more bytes than have been inserted in the current insert command. While in Insert Mode, you can move the cursor using the arrow keys. Note that moving the cursor discards the numeric argument given to the insert command. To leave the Insert Mode, type Escape. If a numeric argument n was given to the insert command and is hasn't been discarded by a cursor movement, the typed bytes are inserted n times.
- Replace Mode
- In Replace Mode you replace the bytes under the cursor as you type. Hitting BackSpace restores the original contents of the buffer. The effect of a numeric argument is similar to the Insert Mode: the typed bytes are replaced n times. As in Insert Mode, moving the cursor using the arrow keys discards the numeric argument.
- Exh Mode
-
The
Exh Mode
in
hexer
is kept similar to the
ex-mode
in
vi.
Typically, an
exh
command looks like:
-
- :area command arguments
- Perform the command command on the area area.
- :command arguments
-
- Perform the command command at the current position.
- :area
- Select the area area.
- :position
- Move the cursor to position position.
An area may be defined as:
- position1,position2
- The area starts at position1 and ends at position2 (inclusive).
- position
- The area selects one byte at position
- %
- The area selects the entire buffer.
A position may be defined as:
- offset
- A decimal, octal (prefixed with `0') or hex (prefixed with `0x') number.
- .
- The beginning of the buffer.
- $
- The end of the buffer.
- /regexp/
- A regular expression (see section REGULAR EXPRESSIONS). The buffer is searched forward starting at the current position. If a match was found, the current position is set to the position of the match.
- ?regexp?
- The buffer is searched reverse.
Commands may be abbreviated with a unique prefix of the command, some commands may be abbreviated with a single character, even if that character isn't a unique prefix of the command name. Currently the following commands are supported:
- s, substitute
-
Synopsis:
area
s
/regexp/replace/flags
Search for the regular expression regexp and replace it with replace (see section REGULAR EXPRESSIONS). replace may contain `\' references to subexpressions of regexp. flags:-
- g:
- global, this flag is ignored (it doesn't make sense in a binary editor).
- c:
- confirm, ask the user to confirm each substitution.
(Note that the `/' character used as separator could be any character, it's just common practice to use `/'.) Trailing separators may be omitted. If area is omitted, the whole buffer is searched.
-
- w, write
-
Synopsis:
area
w
filename
Write area to the file filename. If area is omitted. the whole buffer is written to the file, if filename is omitted, the filename associated with the buffer is used. - r, read
-
Synopsis:
position
r
filename
Insert the contents of the file filename at position. If position is omitted, the current position is used. - e, edit
-
Synopsis: e
name
or: e #
Change to buffer name. If there is no such buffer, hexer tries to open a file named name and load it into a new buffer. If name is a hash sign (#), the alternate buffer is selected. On success the current buffer becomes the alternate buffer. - b, buffer
-
Synopsis: b
name
or: b
Change to buffer name. On success the current buffer becomes the alternate buffer. If name is omitted, a list of all buffers is displayed. - n, next
- Select the next buffer in the buffer list.
- N, previous
- Select the previous buffer in th buffer list.
- S, skip
- Select the next unvisited buffer in the buffer list.
- rewind
- Select the first buffer in the buffer list.
- wall
- Write all unsaved buffers.
- c, close
-
Synopsis: c
name
or: c! name
or: c
or: c!
Close the buffer name. If name is omitted, the current buffer is closed. If the buffer has been modified, but not saved, it can't be closed using a :c-command; use :c! to override. - h, help
- View an online help text.
- q, quit
-
Synopsis: q
name
or: q! name
or: q
or: q!
Close all buffers and exit the editor. If an opened buffer has bee modified, but not saved, the :q-command can't be performed; use :q! to override. - map
- imap
- vmap
-
Synopsis: map
from
to
or: imap from to
or: vmap from to
The key sequence from is mapped to to. To enter special keys (e.g. function keys), mask them using Control-V. :map affects the Command Mode only, :imap affects the Insert Mode only and :vmap affects the Visual Mode only. It is not possible to re-map key sequences on the command line editor. - unmap
- iunmap
- vunmap
-
Synopsis: unmap
from
or: iunmap from
or: vunmap from
Delete a key mapping created with :map, :imap or :vmap. - set
-
Synopsis: set
variable
[...]
or: set variable=value [...]
or: set novariable [...]
or: set
There are not too many variables that could be modified, this might change though. The following variables can be used: iso (bool): display the whole ISO-8859/1 character set; ascii (bool): display ASCII characters only; TERM (string): the name of the terminal; maxmatch (number), specialnl (bool): see section REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. :set called without an argument lists all variables and values. - d, delete
-
Synopsis:
area
d
Delete all bytes in area. The deleted bytes are copied to the kill buffer. - y, yank
-
Synopsis:
area
y
Copy the bytes in area to the kill buffer. - version
- Display the version number of hexer.
- zz
- Place the cursor in the middle line of the screen. Note that the screen is scrolled (if necessary); the cursor position is kept unchanged.
- zt
- Place the cursor in the top line of the screen.
- zb
- Place the cursor in the bottom line of the screen.
- wq
- The same as :x.
- x, exit
- Save all buffers and exit the editor.
If a command is called and can't use the given positions, areas or arguments, the additional positions, areas, arguments are ignored.
Conditional commands: It is possible to specify a list of terminal names for which the given command should be executed. The syntax is:- :terminals:command
- :xterm:set iso
-
- Cursor Motion
-
In
Command Mode, Insert Mode, Replace Mode
and Visual Mode,
you can use the following cursor motion commands:
-
- Arrow Keys
- Move the cursor.
- Control-F
- Move forward one page.
- Control-B
- Move back one page.
- Control-D
- Move forward half a page.
- Control-U
- Move back half a page.
-
COMMAND LINE EDITING
On the command line you can use the following commands:- UpArrow DownArrow
- Move up and down through the history of the current context.
- LeftArrow RightArrow
- Move the cursor.
- Control-A
- Move the cursor to the beginning of the line.
- Control-E
- Move the cursor to the end of the line.
- Control-K
- Delete all characters from the current cursor position up to the end of the line.
- Control-U
- Delete all characters from the beginning of the line up to the current cursor position.
- Delete
- BackSpace
- Delete the character left of the cursor.
- Control-D
- Delete the character under the cursor.
- Enter Return
- Accept the line.
- Escape
- Discard the line. Note: This is different from vi.
- TAB
- Try to complete currently typed word. If the completion is not unique, the word is completed as far as unique. If the TAB-key is hit twice on the same position, a list of all possible completions is displayed.
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
In this section it is assumed that you are familiar with REs (regular expressions). In most applications (egrep, vi, ...) REs work on lines, that means it is not possible to use a RE containing a line break (newline character). In hexer, the buffer is not split up into distinct lines and a newline character is considered to be a `normal' character, now here's the problem: imagine searching for "a.*b" in a 5 MB file, this would take very long (might be up to several minutes on a slow machine). That's why there's a maxmatch limit (a repeat operator matches at most maxmatch occurrences of its operand). The default value of maxmatch is 1024, but it may be customized using the :set-command. For simple expressions (expressions for which the length of the match can be determined from the expression) it is possible to override the maxmatch limit by doubling the `*' or `+' operator, e.g. "a.**b" or "foo\(bar\)\+\+".Note that the context specifiers `^'/`$' (beginning/end of a line) and `\<'/`\>' (beginning/end of a word) are available and actually do what you expect. If you don't want the atoms `.' and `[^...]' to match the newline character you can set the specialnl option using the :set-command.
To enter a special character, you can use the standard C `\'-escape sequences. To enter a character using its octal code, use a `\o'-prefix followed by up to three octal digits. (C-style octal escapes are not supported, because `\0', ... `\9' are interpreted as back-references to subexpressions of the RE.) To enter a character using it's hex code, type a `\x'-prefix followed by up to two hex digits; decimal codes can be entered using a `\d'-prefix followed by up to three decimal digits. It is possible to enter strings of codes by doubling the base specifier, e.g. "\xxfe ff 5a 7e" or "\oo276 277 132 176". Note that such a string is treated as an atom, i.e. the RE "\xxff fe*" matches any number (< maxmatch) of repetitions of ff fe.
It is possible to use all kinds of character `\'-escapes (escapes representing a single character) within `[]'-ranges. Within a range, the `o' selecting an octal base for the escape may be omitted, since back-references within a range don't make sense. When specifying a minimum and/or maximum number of repetitions using the `\{,}'-operator, the numbers may be given in decimal (no prefix), octal (`0'-prefix) or hex (`0x'-prefix). If no maximum number is specified and the operand is not a simple expression, at most maxmatch matches will be found.