man QDBM (3): quick database manager

OVERVIEW

QDBM is a library of routines for managing a database. The database is a simple data file containing records, each is a pair of a key and a value. Every key and value is serial bytes with variable length. Both binary data and character string can be used as a key and a value. There is neither concept of data tables nor data types. Records are organized in hash table or B+ tree.

As for database of hash table, each key must be unique within a database, so it is impossible to store two or more records with a key overlaps. The following access methods are provided to the database: storing a record with a key and a value, deleting a record by a key, retrieving a record by a key. Moreover, traversal access to every key are provided, although the order is arbitrary. These access methods are similar to ones of DBM (or its followers: NDBM and GDBM) library defined in the UNIX standard. QDBM is an alternative for DBM because of its higher performance.

As for database of B+ tree, records whose keys are duplicated can be stored. Access methods of storing, deleting, and retrieving are provided as with the database of hash table. Records are stored in order by a comparing function assigned by a user. It is possible to access each record with the cursor in ascending or descending order. According to this mechanism, forward matching search for strings and range search for integers are realized. Moreover, transaction is available in database of B+ tree.

EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF HASH DATABASE

QDBM is developed referring to GDBM for the purpose of the following three points: higher processing speed, smaller size of a database file, and simpler API. They have been achieved. Moreover, the following three restrictions of traditional DBM: a process can handle only one database, the size of a key and a value is bounded, a database file is sparse, are cleared.

QDBM uses hash algorithm to retrieve records. If a bucket array has sufficient number of elements, the time complexity of retrieval is `O(1)'. That is, time required for retrieving a record is constant, regardless of the scale of a database. It is also the same about storing and deleting. Collision of hash values is managed by separate chaining. Data structure of the chains is binary search tree. Even if a bucket array has unusually scarce elements, the time complexity of retrieval is `O(log n)'.

QDBM attains improvement in retrieval by loading RAM with the whole of a bucket array. If a bucket array is on RAM, it is possible to access a region of a target record by about one path of file operations. A bucket array saved in a file is not read into RAM with the `read' call but directly mapped to RAM with the `mmap' call. Therefore, preparation time on connecting to a database is very short, and two or more processes can share the same memory map.

If the number of elements of a bucket array is about half of records stored within a database, although it depends on characteristic of the input, the probability of collision of hash values is about 56.7% (36.8% if the same, 21.3% if twice, 11.5% if four times, 6.0% if eight times). In such case, it is possible to retrieve a record by two or less paths of file operations. If it is made into a performance index, in order to handle a database containing one million of records, a bucket array with half a million of elements is needed. The size of each element is 4 bytes. That is, if 2M bytes of RAM is available, a database containing one million records can be handled.

QDBM provides two modes to connect to a database: `reader' and `writer'. A reader can perform retrieving but neither storing nor deleting. A writer can perform all access methods. Exclusion control between processes is performed when connecting to a database by file locking. While a writer is connected to a database, neither readers nor writers can be connected. While a reader is connected to a database, other readers can be connect, but writers can not. According to this mechanism, data consistency is guaranteed with simultaneous connections in multitasking environment.

Traditional DBM provides two modes of the storing operations: `insert' and `replace'. In the case a key overlaps an existing record, the insert mode keeps the existing value, while the replace mode transposes it to the specified value. In addition to the two modes, QDBM provides `concatenate' mode. In the mode, the specified value is concatenated at the end of the existing value and stored. This feature is useful when adding a element to a value as an array. Moreover, although DBM has a method to fetch out a value from a database only by reading the whole of a region of a record, QDBM has a method to fetch out a part of a region of a value. When a value is treated as an array, this feature is also useful.

Generally speaking, while succession of updating, fragmentation of available regions occurs, and the size of a database grows rapidly. QDBM deal with this problem by coalescence of dispensable regions and reuse of them, and featuring of optimization of a database. When overwriting a record with a value whose size is greater than the existing one, it is necessary to remove the region to another position of the file. Because the time complexity of the operation depends on the size of the region of a record, extending values successively is inefficient. However, QDBM deal with this problem by alignment. If increment can be put in padding, it is not necessary to remove the region.

As for many file systems, it is impossible to handle a file whose size is more than 2GB. To deal with this problem, QDBM provides a directory database containing multiple database files. Due to this feature, it is possible to handle a database whose total size is up to 1TB in theory. Moreover, because database files can be deployed on multiple disks, the speed of updating operations can be improved as with RAID-0 (striping). It is also possible for the database files to deploy on multiple file servers using NFS and so on.

USEFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF B+ TREE DATABASE

Although B+ tree database is slower than hash database, it features ordering access to each record. The order can be assigned by users. Records of B+ tree are sorted and arranged in logical pages. Sparse index organized in B tree that is multiway balanced tree are maintained for each page. Thus, the time complexity of retrieval and so on is `O(log n)'. Cursor is provided to access each record in order. The cursor can jump to a position specified by a key and can step forward or backward from the current position. Because each page is arranged as double linked list, the time complexity of stepping cursor is `O(1)'.

B+ tree database is implemented, based on above hash database. Because each page of B+ tree is stored as each record of hash database, B+ tree database inherits efficiency of storage management of hash database. Because the header of each record is smaller and alignment of each page is calculated statistically, in most cases, the size of database file is cut by half compared to one of hash database. Although operation of many pages are required to update B+ tree, QDBM expedites the process by caching pages and reducing file operations. In most cases, because whole of the sparse index is cached on memory, it is possible to retrieve a record by one or less path of file operations.

B+ tree database features transaction mechanism. It is possible to commit a series of operations between the beginning and the end of the transaction in a lump, or to abort the transaction and perform rollback to the state before the transaction. Even if the process of an application is crushed while the transaction, the database file is not broken.

In case that QDBM is built with ZLIB, LZO, or BZIP2 enabled, a lossless data-compression library, the content of each page of B+ tree is compressed and stored in a file. Because each record in a page has similar patterns, high efficiency of compression is expected due to the Lempel-Ziv algorithm and the like. In case handling text data, the size of a database is reduced to about 25%. If the scale of a database is large and disk I/O is the bottleneck, featuring compression makes the processing speed improved to a large extent.

SIMPLE BUT VARIOUS INTERFACES

QDBM provides very simple APIs. You can perform database I/O as usual file I/O with `FILE' pointer defined in ANSI C. In the basic API of QDBM, entity of a database is recorded as one file. In the extended API, entity of a database is recorded as several files in one directory. Because the two APIs are very similar with each other, porting an application from one to the other is easy.

APIs which are compatible with NDBM and GDBM are also provided. As there are a lot of applications using NDBM or GDBM, it is easy to port them onto QDBM. In most cases, it is completed only by replacement of header including (#include) and re-compiling. However, QDBM can not handle database files made by the original NDBM or GDBM.

In order to handle records on memory easily, the utility API is provided. It implements memory allocating functions, sorting functions, extensible datum, array list, hash map, and so on. Using them, you can handle records in C language cheaply as in such script languages as Perl or Ruby.

B+ tree database is used with the advanced API. The advanced API is implemented using the basic API and the utility API. Because the advanced API is also similar to the basic API and the extended API, it is easy to learn how to use it.

In order to handle an inverted index which is used by full-text search systems, the inverted API is provided. If it is easy to handle an inverted index of documents, an application can focus on text processing and natural language processing. Because this API does not depend on character codes nor languages, it is possible to implement a full-text search system which can respond to various requests from users.

Along with APIs for C, QDBM provides APIs for C++, Java, Perl, and Ruby. APIs for C are composed of seven kinds: the basic API, the extended API, the NDBM-compatible API, the GDBM-compatible API, the utility API, the advanced API, and the inverted API. Command line interfaces corresponding to each API are also provided. They are useful for prototyping, testing, debugging, and so on. The C++ API encapsulates database handling functions of the basic API, the extended API, and the advanced API with class mechanism of C++. The Java API has native methods calling the basic API, the extended API, and the advanced API with Java Native Interface. The Perl API has methods calling the basic API, the extended API, and the advanced API with XS language. The Ruby API has method calling the basic API, the extended API, and the advanced API as modules of Ruby. Moreover, CGI scripts for administration of databases and full-text search are provided.

WIDE PORTABILITY

QDBM is implemented being based on syntax of ANSI C (C89) and using only APIs defined in ANSI C or POSIX. Thus, QDBM works on most UNIX and its compatible OSs. As for C API, checking operations have been done at least on Linux 2.2, Linux 2.4, FreeBSD 4.8, FreeBSD 5.0, SunOS 5.7, SunOS 5.8, SunOS 5.9, HP-UX 11.00, Cygwin 1.3.10, Mac OS X 10.2, and RISC OS 5.03. Although a database file created by QDBM depends on byte order of the processor, to do with it, utilities to dump data in format which is independent to byte orders are provided.

BUILDING

For building a program using QDBM, the program should be linked with a library file `libqdbm.a' or `libqdbm.so'. For example, the following command is executed to build `sample' from `sample.c'.

: gcc -I/usr/local/include -o sample sample.c -L/usr/local/lib -lqdbm

AUTHOR

QDBM is written by Mikio Hirabayashi. You can contact the author by e-mail to <[email protected]>. Any suggestion or bug report is welcome to the author.

COPYRIGHT

QDBM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or any later version.

QDBM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with QDBM; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.