SYNOPSIS

sg_* [--enumerate] [--help] [--hex] [--in=FN] [--maxlen=LEN] [--raw] [--verbose] [--version] [OTHER_OPTIONS] DEVICE

DESCRIPTION

sg3_utils is a package of utilities that send SCSI commands to the given DEVICE via a SCSI pass through interface provided by the host operating system.

The names of all utilities start with "sg" and most start with "sg_" often followed by the name, or a shortening of the name, of the SCSI command that they send. For example the "sg_verify" utility sends the SCSI VERIFY command. A mapping between SCSI commands and the sg3_utils utilities that issue them is shown in the COVERAGE file. The sg_raw utility can be used to send an arbitrary SCSI command (supplied on the command line) to the given DEVICE.

sg_decode_sense can be used to decode SCSI sense data given on the command line or in a file. sg_raw -vvv will output the T10 name of a given SCSI CDB which is most often 16 bytes or less in length.

SCSI draft standards can be found at http://www.t10.org . The standards themselves can be purchased from ANSI and other standards organizations. A good overview of various SCSI standards can be seen in http://www.t10.org/scsi-3.htm with the SCSI command sets in the upper part of the diagram. SCSI commands in common with all device types can be found in SPC of which SPC-4 is the latest major version. Block device specific commands (e.g. as used by disks) are in SBC, those for tape drives in SSC and those for CD/DVD/BD drives in MMC.

It is becoming more common to control ATA disks with the SCSI command set. This involves the translation of SCSI commands to their corresponding ATA equivalents (and that is an imperfect mapping in some cases). The relevant standard is called SCSI to ATA Translation (SAT and SAT-2 are now standards at INCITS(ANSI) and ISO while SAT-3 is at the draft stage). The logic to perform the command translation is often called a SAT Layer or SATL and may be within an operating system, in host bus adapter firmware or in an external device (e.g. associated with a SAS expander). See http://www.t10.org for more information.

There is some support for SCSI tape devices but not for their basic commands. The reader is referred to the "mt" utility.

There are two generations of command line option usage. The newer utilities (written since July 2004) use the getopt_long() function to parse command line options. With that function, each option has two representations: a short form (e.g. '-v') and a longer form (e.g. '--verbose'). If an argument is required then it follows a space (optionally) in the short form and a "=" in the longer form (e.g. in the sg_verify utility '-l 2a6h' and '--lba=2a6h' are equivalent). Note that with getopt_long(), short form options can be elided, for example: '-all' is equivalent to '-a -l -l'. The DEVICE argument may appear after, between or prior to any options.

The older utilities, such as sg_inq, had individual command line processing code typically based on a single "-" followed by one or more characters. If an argument is needed then it follows a "=" (e.g. '-p=1f' in sg_modes with its older interface). Various options can be elided as long as it is not ambiguous (e.g. '-vv' to increase the verbosity).

Over time the command line interface of these older utilities became messy and overloaded with options. So in sg3_utils version 1.23 the command line interface of these older utilities was altered to have both a cleaner getopt_long() interface and their older interface for backward compatibility. By default these older utilities use their getopt_long() based interface. That can be overridden by defining the SG3_UTILS_OLD_OPTS environment variable or using '-O' or '--old' as the first command line option. The man pages of the older utilities documents the details.

Several sg3_utils utilities are based on the Unix dd command (e.g. sg_dd) and permit copying data at the level of SCSI READ and WRITE commands. sg_dd is tightly bound to Linux and hence is not ported to other OSes. A more generic utility (than sg_dd) called ddpt in a package of the same name has been ported to other OSes.

LINUX DEVICE NAMING

Most disk block devices have names like /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, etc. SCSI disks in Linux have always had names like that but in recent Linux kernels it has become more common for many other disks (including SATA disks and USB storage devices) to be named like that. Partitions within a disk are specified by a number appended to the device name, starting at 1 (e.g. /dev/sda1 ).

Tape drives are named /dev/st<num> or /dev/nst<num> where <num> starts at zero. Additionally one letter from this list: "lma" may be appended to the name. CD, DVD and BD readers (and writers) are named /dev/sr<num> where <num> start at zero. There are less used SCSI device type names, the dmesg and the lsscsi commands may help to find if any are attached to a running system.

There is also a SCSI device driver which offers alternate generic access to SCSI devices. It uses names of the form /dev/sg<num> where <num> starts at zero. The "lsscsi -g" command may be useful in finding these and which generic name corresponds to a device type name (e.g. /dev/sg2 may correspond to /dev/sda). In the lk 2.6 series a block SCSI generic driver was introduced and its names are of the form /dev/bsg/<h:c:t:l> where h, c, t and l are numbers. Again see the lsscsi command to find the correspondence between that SCSI tuple (i.e. <h:c:t:l>) and alternate device names.

Prior to the Linux kernel 2.6 series these utilities could only use generic device names (e.g. /dev/sg1 ). In almost all cases in the Linux kernel 2.6 series, any device name can be used by these utilities.

Very little has changed in Linux device naming in the Linux kernel 3 and 4 series.

WINDOWS DEVICE NAMING

Storage and related devices can have several device names in Windows. Probably the most common in the volume name (e.g. "D:"). There are also a "class" device names such as "PhysicalDrive<n>", "CDROM<n>" and "TAPE<n>". <n> is an integer starting at 0 allocated in ascending order as devices are discovered (and sometimes rediscovered).

Some storage devices have a SCSI lower level device name which starts with a SCSI (pseudo) adapter name of the form "SCSI<n>:". To this is added sub-addressing in the form of a "bus" number, a "target" identifier and a LUN (Logical Unit Number). The "bus" number is also known as a "PathId". These are assembled to form a device name of the form: "SCSI<n>:<bus>,<target>,<lun>". The trailing ",<lun>" may be omitted in which case a LUN of zero is assumed. This lower level device name cannot often be used directly since Windows blocks attempts to use it if a class driver has "claimed" the device. There are SCSI device types (e.g. Automation/Drive interface type) for which there is no class driver. At least two transports ("bus types" in Windows jargon): USB and IEEE 1394 do not have a "scsi" device names of this form.

In keeping with DOS file system conventions, the various device names can be given in upper, lower or mixed case. Since "PhysicalDrive<n>" is tedious to write, a shortened form of "PD<n>" is permitted by all utilities in this package.

A single device (e.g. a disk) can have many device names. For example: "PD0" can also be "C:", "D:" and "SCSI0:0,1,0". The two volume names reflect that the disk has two partitions on it. Disk partitions that are not recognized by Windows are not usually given a volume name. However Vista does show a volume name for a disk which has no partitions recognized by it and when selected invites the user to format it (which may be rather unfriendly to other OSes).

These utilities assume a given device name is in the Win32 device namespace. To make that explicit "\\.\" can be prepended to the device names mentioned in this section. Beware that backslash is an escape character in Unix like shells and the C programming language. In a shell like Msys (from MinGW) each backslash may need to be typed twice.

The sg_scan utility within this package lists out Windows device names in a form that is suitable for other utilities in this package to use.

FREEBSD DEVICE NAMING

SCSI disks have block names of the form /dev/da<num> where <num> is an integer starting at zero. The "da" is replaced by "sa" for SCSI tape drives and "cd" for SCSI CD/DVD/BD drives. Each SCSI device has a corresponding pass-through device name of the form /dev/pass<num> where <num> is an integer starting at zero. The "camcontrol devlist" command may be useful for finding out which SCSI device names are available and the correspondence between class and pass-through names.

SOLARIS DEVICE NAMING

SCSI device names below the /dev directory have a form like: c5t4d3s2 where the number following "c" is the controller (HBA) number, the number following "t" is the target number (from the SCSI parallel interface days) and the number following "d" is the LUN. Following the "s" is the slice number which is related to a partition and by convention "s2" is the whole disk.

OpenSolaris also has a c5t4d3p2 form where the number following the "p" is the partition number apart from "p0" which is the whole disk. So a whole disk may be referred to as either c5t4d3, c5t4d3s2 or c5t4d3p0 .

And these device names are duplicated in the /dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk directories. The former is the block device name and the latter is for "raw" (or char device) access which is what sg3_utils needs. So in OpenSolaris something of the form 'sg_inq /dev/rdsk/c5t4d3p0' should work. If it doesn't work then add a '-vvv' option for more debug information. Trying this form 'sg_inq /dev/dsk/c5t4d3p0' (note "rdsk" changed to "dsk") will result in an "inappropriate ioctl for device" error.

The device names within the /dev directory are typically symbolic links to much longer topological names in the /device directory. In Solaris cd/dvd/bd drives seem to be treated as disks and so are found in the /dev/rdsk directory. Tape drives appear in the /dev/rmt directory.

There is also a sgen (SCSI generic) driver which by default does not attach to any device. See the /kernel/drv/sgen.conf file to control what is attached. Any attached device will have a device name of the form /dev/scsi/c5t4d3 .

Listing available SCSI devices in Solaris seems to be a challenge. "Use the 'format' command" advice works but seems a very dangerous way to list devices. [It does prompt again before doing any damage.] 'devfsadm -Cv' cleans out the clutter in the /dev/rdsk directory, only leaving what is "live". The "cfgadm -v" command looks promising.

COMMON OPTIONS

Arguments to long options are mandatory for short options as well. In the short form an argument to an option uses zero or more spaces as a separator (i.e. the short form does not use "=" as a separator).

If an option takes a numeric argument then that argument is assumed to be decimal unless otherwise indicated (e.g. with a leading "0x", a trailing "h" or as noted in the usage message).

Some options are used uniformly in most of the utilities in this package. Those options are listed below. Note that there are some exceptions.

-e, --enumerate

some utilities (e.g. sg_ses and sg_vpd) store a lot of information in internal tables. This option will output that information in some readable form (e.g. sorted by an acronym or by page number) then exit. Note that with this option DEVICE is ignored (as are most other options) and no SCSI IO takes place, so the invoker does not need any elevated permissions.

-h, -?, --help

output the usage message then exit. In a few older utilities the '-h' option requests hexadecimal output. In these cases the '-?' option will output the usage message then exit.

-H, --hex

for SCSI commands that yield a non-trivial response, print out that response in ASCII hexadecimal. To produce hexadecimal that can be parsed by other utilities (e.g. without a relative address to the left and without trailing ASCII) use this option three or four times.

-i, --in=FN

many SCSI commands fetch a significant amount of data (returned in the data-in buffer) which several of these utilities decode (e.g. sg_vpd and sg_logs). To separate the two steps of fetching the data from a SCSI device and then decoding it, this option has been added. The first step (fetching the data) can be done using the --hex or --raw option and redirecting the command line output to a file (often done with ">" in Unix based operating systems). The difference between --hex and --raw is that the former produces output in ASCII hexadecimal while --raw produces its output in "raw" binary.
The second step (i.e. decoding the SCSI response data now held in a file) can be done using this --in=FN option where the file name is FN. If "-" is used for FN then stdin is assumed, again this allows for command line redirection (or piping). That file (or stdin) is assumed to contain ASCII hexadecimal unless the --raw option is also given in which case it is assumed to be binary. Notice that the meaning of the --raw option is "flipped" when used with --in=FN to act on the input, typically it acts on the output data.
Since the structure of the data returned by SCSI commands varies considerably then the usage information or manpage of the utility being used should be checked. In some cases --hex may need to be used multiple times (and is more conveniently given as '-HH' or '-HHH). In other cases the name of this option is --inhex=FN.

-m, --maxlen=LEN

several important SCSI commands (e.g. INQUIRY and MODE SENSE) have response lengths that vary depending on many factors, only some of which these utilities take into account. The maximum response length is typically specified in the 'allocation length' field of the cdb. In the absence of this option, several utilities use a default allocation length (sometimes recommended in the SCSI draft standards) or a "double fetch" strategy. See sg_logs(8) for its description of a "double fetch" strategy. These techniques are imperfect and in the presence of faulty SCSI targets can cause problems (e.g. some USB mass storage devices freeze if they receive an INQUIRY allocation length other than 36). Also use of this option disables any "double fetch" strategy that may have otherwise been used.

-r, --raw

for SCSI commands that yield a non-trivial response, output that response in binary to stdout. If any error messages or warning are produced they are usually sent to stderr so as to not interfere with the output from this option.
Some utilities that consume data to send to the DEVICE along with the SCSI command, use this option. Alernatively the --in=FN option causes DEVICE to be ignored and the response data (to be decoded) fetched from a file named FN. In these cases this option may indicate that binary data can be read from stdin or from a nominated file (e.g. FN).

-v, --verbose

increase the level of verbosity, (i.e. debug output). Can be used multiple times to further increase verbosity. The additional output is usually sent to stderr.

-V, --version

print the version string and then exit. Each utility has its own version number and date of last code change.

NUMERIC ARGUMENTS

Many utilities have command line options that take numeric arguments. These numeric arguments can be large values (e.g. a logical block address (LBA) on a disk) and can be inconvenient to enter in the default decimal representation. So various other representations are permitted.

Multiplicative suffixes are accepted. They are one, two or three letter strings appended directly after the number to which they apply:

   c C         *1

   w W         *2

   b B         *512

   k K KiB     *1024

   KB          *1000

   m M MiB     *1048576

   MB          *1000000

   g G GiB     *(2^30)

   GB          *(10^9)

   t T TiB     *(2^40)

   TB          *(10^12)

   p P PiB     *(2^50)

   PB          *(10^15)

An example is "2k" for 2048. The large tera and peta suffixes are only available for numeric arguments that might require 64 bits to represent internally.

A suffix of the form "x<n>" multiplies the leading number by <n>. An example is "2x33" for "66". The leading number cannot be "0" (zero) as that would be interpreted as a hexadecimal number (see below).

These multiplicative suffixes are compatible with GNU's dd command (since 2002) which claims compliance with SI and with IEC 60027-2.

Alternatively numerical arguments can be given in hexadecimal. There are two syntaxes. The number can be preceded by either "0x" or "0X" as found in the C programming language. The second hexadecimal representation is a trailing "h" or "H" as found in (storage) standards. When hex numbers are given, multipliers cannot be used. For example the decimal value "256" can be given as "0x100" or "100h".

MICROCODE AND FIRMWARE

There are two standardized methods for downloading microcode (i.e. device firmware) to a SCSI device. The more general way is with the SCSI WRITE BUFFER command, see the sg_write_buffer utility. SCSI enclosures have their own method based on the Download microcode control/status diagnostic page, see the sg_ses_microcode utility.

SCRIPTS, EXAMPLES and UTILS

There are several bash shell scripts in the 'scripts' subdirectory that invoke compiled utilities (e.g. sg_readcap). Several of the scripts start with 'scsi_' rather than 'sg_'. One purpose of these scripts is to call the same utility (e.g. sg_readcap) on multiple devices. Most of the basic compiled utilities only allow one device as an argument. Some distributions install these scripts in a more visible directory (e.g. /usr/bin). Some of these scripts have man page entries. See the README file in the 'scripts' subdirectory.

There is some example C code plus examples of complex invocations in the 'examples' subdirectory. There is also a README file. The example C may be a simpler example of how to use a SCSI pass-through in Linux than the main utilities (found in the 'src' subdirectory). This is due to the fewer abstraction layers (e.g. they don't worry the MinGW in Windows may open a file in text rather than binary mode).

Some utilities that the author has found useful have been placed in the 'utils' subdirectory.

WEB SITE

There is a web page discussing this package at http://sg.danny.cz/sg/sg3_utils.html . The device naming used by this package on various operating systems is discussed at: http://sg.danny.cz/sg/device_name.html .

AUTHORS

Written by Douglas Gilbert. Some utilities have been contributed, see the CREDITS file and individual source files (in the 'src' directory).

REPORTING BUGS

Report bugs to <dgilbert at interlog dot com>.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 1999-2016 Douglas Gilbert
Some utilities are distributed under a GPL version 2 license while others, usually more recent ones, are under a FreeBSD license. The files that are common to almost all utilities and thus contain the most reusable code, namely sg_lib.[hc], sg_cmds_basic.[hc] and sg_cmds_extra.[hc] are under a FreeBSD license. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.