Description
The specification of database targets is core to Sqitch database change management. A target consists of a database connection URI <https://github.com/theory/uri-db>, a plan file, change script directories, a registry schema or database name, and the path to a database engine command-line client. Sqitch determines the values for these attributes via a hierarchical evaluation of the runtime configuration, examining and selecting from these values:- 1.
- Command-line options
- 2.
- Target-specific configuration
- 3.
- Engine-specific configuration
- 4.
- Core configuration
- 5.
- A reasonable default
This document explains how this evaluation works, and how to use the "init", "config", "engine", and "target" commands to configure these values for various deployment scenarios.
Project Initialization
Typically, the first thing you do with Sqitch is use the "init" command to start a new project. Now, the most important thing Sqitch needs to know is what database engine you'll be managing, so it's best to use "--engine" to configure the engine right up front to start off on the right foot. Here, we start a project called ``widgets'' to manage PostgreSQL databases:
> sqitch init widgets --engine pg Created sqitch.conf Created sqitch.plan Created deploy/ Created revert/ Created verify/
This creates a very simple configuration file with most of the settings commented out, like so:
> cat sqitch.conf [core] engine = pg # plan_file = sqitch.plan # top_dir = . # [engine "pg"] # target = db:pg: # registry = sqitch # client = psql
The "[core]" section contains default configurations, the most important of which is the default engine, "pg". Of course, it's the only engine this project supports, and the values of the other configuration variables are reasonable for a single-engine project. If your Sqitch project never needs to manage more than one database engine, this might be all you need: the current directory is the top directory of the project, and it's here you'll find the plan file as well as the deploy, revert, and verify script directories. Once you start using the "add" command to add changes, and the "deploy" command to deploy changes to a database, these variables will be used extensively.
The "[engine "pg"]" section houses the variables specific to the engine. The "target" defines the default database URI <https://github.com/theory/uri-db> for connecting to a PostgreSQL database. As you can see there isn't much here, but if you were to distribute this project, it's likely that your users would specify a target URI when deploying to their own databases. The "registry" determines where Sqitch will store its own metadata when managing a database; generally the default, ``sqitch'', is fine.
More interesting, perhaps, is the "client" setting, which defaults to the appropriate engine-specific client name appropriate for your OS. In this example, sqitch will assume it can find psql in your path.
Global Configuration
But sometimes that's not the case. Let's say that the "psql" client on your system is not in the path, but instead in /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql. You could set its location right here in the project configuration file, but that won't do if you end up distributing the project to other users who might have their client somewhere else. For that use case, the default path-specific value is probably best.A better idea is to tell Sqitch where to find psql for all of your projects. Use the "config" command's "--user" option to set that configuration for yourself:
> sqitch config --user engine.pg.client /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql
This won't change the project configuration file at all, but add the value to ~/.sqitch/sqitch.conf, which is your personal cross-project Sqitch configuration. In other words, it sets the PostgreSQL client for all Sqitch projects you manage on this host. In fact, it can be a good idea to configure clients not in the path first thing whenever you start working on a new host:
> sqitch config --user user.name 'Marge N. OXVera' > sqitch config --user user.email '[email protected]' > sqitch config --user engine.pg.client /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql > sqitch config --user engine.mysql.client /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql > sqitch config --user engine.sqlite.client /sbin/sqlite3
If you'd like to make the configuration global to all accounts on your host, use the "--system" option, instead:
> sudo sqitch config --system engine.pg.client /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql > sudo sqitch config --system engine.mysql.client /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql > sudo sqitch config --system engine.sqlite.client /sbin/sqlite3
That will put the values into the global Sqitch configuration file, which is in "`sqitch --etc-path`/sqitch.conf".
Engine Configuration
So you've got the widgets project well developed, and now you've been asked to port it to SQLite. Fundamentally, that means porting all of your deploy, revert, and verify scripts. The simplest way to organize files for this configuration is with top-level directories for each engine. First, let's move the existing PostgreSQL stuff to a subdirectory.
> mkdir pg > mv deploy revert verify sqitch.plan pg > ls pg deploy/ revert/ sqitch.plan verify/
Now we need to tell Sqitch where things are. To create an engine-specific configuration, use the "engine" command's "add" action:
sqitch engine add pg --top-dir pg
The "add" action adds the "pg" engine to the configuration, setting the top directory to our newly-created "pg" directory. The configuration looks like this (with comments removed for clarity):
[core] engine = pg [engine "pg"] target = db:pg: top_dir = pg
Curious about all the other settings for the engine? Let "sqitch engine show" show you:
> sqitch engine show pg * pg Target: db:pg: Registry: sqitch Client: psql Top Directory: pg Plan File: pg/sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: pg Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify
The "show" action nicely presents the result of the fully-evaluated configuration, even though only the top directory and client have been set. Nice, right?
Now, to add the SQLite support. There are two basic ways to go about it. We'll start with the more obvious one.
Separate Plans
The first approach is to create an entirely independent SQLite project with its own plan and scripts. This is almost like starting from scratch: just create a new directory and add the Sqitch engine using it for its top directory: add initialize it as a new Sqitch project:
> sqitch engine add sqlite --top-dir sqlite Created sqlite/ Created sqlite/sqitch.plan Created sqlite/deploy/ Created sqlite/revert/ Created sqlite/verify/
Note the creation of a new sqlite/sqitch.conf file. It will have copied the project name and URI from the existing plan file. The SQLite configuration is now added to the configuration file:
> sqitch engine show sqlite * sqlite Target: db:sqlite: Registry: sqitch Client: sqlite3 Top Directory: sqlite Plan File: sqlite/sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: sqlite Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify
Good, everything's in the right place. Start adding changes to the SQLite plan by passing the engine name to the "add" command:
> sqitch add users sqlite -m 'Creates users table.' Created sqlite/deploy/users.sql Created sqlite/revert/users.sql Created sqlite/verify/users.sql Added "users" to sqlite/sqitch.plan
Pass "pg" when adding PostgreSQL changes, or omit it, in which case Sqitch will fall back on the default engine, defined by the "core.engine" variable set when we created the PostgreSQL project. Want to add a change with the same name to both engines? Simply pass them both, or use the "--all" option:
> sqitch add users --all -m 'Creates users table.' Created pg/deploy/users.sql Created pg/revert/users.sql Created pg/test/users.sql Created pg/verify/users.sql Added "users" to pg/sqitch.plan Created sqlite/deploy/users.sql Created sqlite/revert/users.sql Created sqlite/test/users.sql Created sqlite/verify/users.sql Added "users" to sqlite/sqitch.plan
Shared Plan
The other approach is to have both the PostgreSQL and the SQLite projects share the same plan. In that case, we should move the plan file out of the PostgreSQL directory:
> mv pg/sqitch.plan . > sqitch engine alter pg --plan-file sqitch.plan > sqitch engine show pg * pg Target: db:pg: Registry: sqitch Client: psql Top Directory: pg Plan File: sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: pg Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify
Good, it's now using ./sqitch.plan. Now let's start the SQLite project. Since we're going to use the same plan, we'll need to port all the scripts from PostgreSQL. Let's just copy them, and then configure the SQLite engine to use the shared plan file:
> cp -rf pg sqlite > sqitch engine add sqlite --plan-file sqitch.plan --top-dir sqlite > sqitch engine show sqlite * sqlite Target: db:sqlite: Registry: sqitch Client: sqlite3 Top Directory: sqlite Plan File: sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: sqlite Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify
Looks good! Now port all the scripts in the sqlite directory from PostgreSQL to SQLite and you're ready to go.
Later, when you want to add a new change to both projects, just pass the "--all" option to the "add" command:
> sqitch add users --all -n 'Creates users table.' Created pg/deploy/users.sql Created pg/revert/users.sql Created pg/verify/users.sql Created sqlite/deploy/users.sql Created sqlite/revert/users.sql Created sqlite/verify/users.sql Added "users" to sqitch.plan
This option also works for the "tag", "rework", and "bundle" commands. If you know you always want to act on all plans, set the "all" configuration variable for each command:
sqitch config --bool add.all 1 sqitch config --bool tag.all 1 sqitch config --bool rework.all 1 sqitch config --bool bundle.all 1
Database Interactions
With either of these two approaches, you can now manage database interactions by passing an engine name or a database URI <https://github.com/theory/uri-db> to the database commands. For example, to deploy to a PostgreSQL database to the default PostgreSQL database:
sqitch deploy pg
You usually won't want to use the default database in production, though. Here's how to deploy to a PostgreSQL database named ``widgets'' on host "db.example.com":
sqitch deploy db:pg://db.example.com/widgets
Sqitch is smart enough to pick out the proper engine from the URI. If you pass a "db:pg:" URI, rest assured that Sqitch won't try to deploy the SQLite changes. Use a "db:sqlite:" URI to interact with an SQLite database:
sqitch log db:sqlite:/var/db/widgets.db
The commands that take engine and target URI arguments include:
- "status"
- "log"
- "deploy"
- "revert"
- "rebase"
- "checkout"
- "verify"
- "verify"
Target Configuration
Great, now we can easily manage changes for multiple database engines. But what about multiple databases for the same engine? For example, you might want to deploy your database to two hosts in a primary/standby configuration. To make things as simple as possible for your IT organization, set up named targets for those servers:
> sqitch target add prod-primary db:pg://[email protected]/widgets > sqitch target add prod-standby db:pg://[email protected]/widgets
Targets inherit configuration from engines, based on the engine specified in the URI. Thus the configuration all comes together:
> sqitch target show prod-primary prod-standby * prod-primary URI: db:pg://[email protected]/widgets Registry: sqitch Client: psql Top Directory: pg Plan File: sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: pg Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify * prod-standby URI: db:pg://[email protected]/widgets Registry: sqitch Client: psql Top Directory: pg Plan File: sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: pg Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify
Note the use of the shared plan and the pg directory for scripts. We can add a target for our SQLite database, too. Maybe it's used for development?
> sqitch target add dev-sqlite db:sqlite:/var/db/widgets_dev.db > sqitch target show dev-sqlite * dev-sqlite URI: db:sqlite:/var/db/widgets_dev.db Registry: sqitch Client: sqlite3 Top Directory: sqlite Plan File: sqitch.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: sqlite Deploy: sqlite/deploy Revert: sqlite/revert Verify: sqlite/verify
Now deploying any of these databases is as simple as specifying the target name when executing the "deploy" command (assuming the "sqitch" user is configured to authenticate to PostgreSQL without prompting for a password):
> sqitch deploy prod-primary > sqitch deploy prod-standby
Want them all? Just query the targets and pass each in turn:
for target in `sqitch target | grep prod-`; do sqitch deploy $target done
The commands that accept a target name are identical to those that take an engine name or target URI, as described in ``Database Interactions''.
Different Target, Different Plan
What about a project that manages different --- but related --- schemas on the same engine? For example, say you have two plans for PostgreSQL, one for a canonical data store, and one for a read-only copy that will have a subset of data replicated to it. Maybe your billing database just needs an up-to-date copy of the "customers" and "users" tables.
Targets can help us here, too. Just create the new plan file. It might use some of the same change scripts as the canonical plan, or its own scripts, or some of each. Just be sure all of its scripts are in the same top directory. Then add targets for the specific servers and plans:
> sqitch target add prod-primary db:pg://db1.example.com/widgets > sqitch target add prod-billing db:pg://cpa.example.com/billing --plan-file target.plan > sqitch target show prod-billing * prod-billing URI: db:pg://cpa.example.com/billing Registry: sqitch Client: psql Top Directory: pg Plan File: target.plan Extension: sql Script Directories: Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify Reworked Script Directories: Reworked: pg Deploy: pg/deploy Revert: pg/revert Verify: pg/verify
Now, any management of the "prod-billing" target will use the target.plan plan file. Want to add changes to that plan? specify the plan file. Here's an example that re-uses the existing change scripts:
> sqitch add users target.plan -n 'Creates users table.' Skipped pg/deploy/users.sql: already exists Skipped pg/revert/users.sql: already exists Skipped pg/test/users.sql: already exists Skipped pg/verify/users.sql: already exists Added "users" to target.plan
Overworked
Say you've been working on your project for some time, and now you have a slew of changes you've reworked. (You really only do that with procedures and views, right? Because it's silly to use for "ALTER" statements; just add new changes in those cases.) As a result, your deploy, revert, and verify directories are full of files representing older versions of the changes, all containing the "@" symbol, and they're starting to get in the way (in general you'll never modify them). Here's an example adapted from a real project:
> find pg -name '*@*' pg/deploy/[email protected] pg/deploy/jobs/[email protected] pg/deploy/stem/[email protected] pg/deploy/stem/[email protected] pg/deploy/stem/[email protected] pg/deploy/crank/[email protected] pg/deploy/crank/[email protected] pg/deploy/utility/[email protected] pg/deploy/utility/[email protected] pg/deploy/utility/[email protected] pg/deploy/utility/[email protected] pg/revert/[email protected] pg/revert/jobs/[email protected] pg/revert/stem/[email protected] pg/revert/stem/[email protected] pg/revert/stem/[email protected] pg/revert/crank/[email protected] pg/revert/crank/[email protected] pg/revert/utility/[email protected] pg/revert/utility/[email protected] pg/revert/utility/[email protected] pg/revert/utility/[email protected] pg/verify/[email protected] pg/verify/jobs/[email protected] pg/verify/stem/[email protected] pg/verify/stem/[email protected] pg/verify/stem/[email protected] pg/verify/crank/[email protected] pg/verify/crank/[email protected] pg/verify/utility/[email protected] pg/verify/utility/[email protected] pg/verify/utility/[email protected] pg/verify/utility/[email protected]
Ugh. Wouldn't it be nice to move them out of the way? Of course it would! So let's do that. We want all of the PostgreSQL engine's reworked scripts all to go into to a new directory named ``reworked'', so tell Sqitch where to find them:
> sqitch engine alter pg --dir reworked=pg/reworked Created pg/reworked/deploy/ Created pg/reworked/revert/ Created pg/reworked/verify/
Great, it created the new directories. Note that if you wanted the directories to have different names or locations, you can use the "reworked_deploy", "reworked_revert", and "reworked_verify" options.
Now all we have to do is move the files:
cd pg for file in `find . -name '*@*'` do mkdir -p reworked/`dirname $file` mv $file reworked/`dirname $file` done cd ..
Now all the reworked deploy files are in pg/reworked/deploy, the reworked revert files are in pg/reworked/revert, and the reworked verify files are in pg/reworked/verify. And you're good to go! From here on in Sqitch always knows to find the reworked scripts when doing a deploy, revert, or bundle. And meanwhile, they're tucked out of the way, less likely to break your brain or your IDE.
Other Options
You can see by the output of the "init", "engine", and "target" commands that there are quite a few other properties that can be set on a per-engine or per-target database. To determine the value of each, Sqitch looks at a combination of command-line options and configuration variables. Here's a complete list, including specification of their values and how to set them.- "target"
-
The target database. May be a database URI <https://github.com/theory/uri-db> or
a named target managed by the "target" commands. On each run,
its value will be determined by examining each of the following in turn:
-
- Command target argument or option
-
sqitch deploy $target sqitch revert --target $target
- "engine.$engine.target"
-
sqitch init $project --engine $engine --target $target sqitch engine add $engine --target $target sqitch engine alter $engine --target target
- "core.target"
-
sqitch config core.target $target
-
- "uri"
-
The database URI <https://github.com/theory/uri-db> to which to connect. May
only be specified as a target argument or via a named target:
-
- Command target argument or option
-
sqitch deploy $uri sqitch revert --target uri
- "target.$target.uri"
-
sqitch init $project --engine $engine --target $uri sqitch target add $target --uri $uri sqitch target alter $target --uri $uri
-
- "client"
-
The path to the engine client. The default is engine- and OS-specific, which
will generally work for clients in the path. If you need a custom client, you
can specify it via the following:
-
- "--client"
-
sqitch --client $client deploy
- "target.$target.client"
-
sqitch target add $target --client $client sqitch target alter $target --client $client sqitch config --user target.$target.client $client
- "engine.$engine.client"
-
sqitch init $project --engine $engine --client client sqitch engine add $engine --client $client sqitch engine alter $engine --client $client sqitch config --user engine.$engine.client $client
- "core.client"
-
sqitch config core.client $client sqitch config --user core.client $client
-
- "registry"
-
The name of the Sqitch registry schema or database. The default is "sqitch",
which should work for most uses. If you need a custom registry, specify it via
the following:
-
- "--registry"
-
sqitch --registry $registry
- "target.$target.registry"
-
sqitch target add $target --registry $registry sqitch target alter $target --registry $registry
- "engine.$engine.registry"
-
sqitch init $project --engine $engine --registry $registry sqitch engine add $engine --registry $registry sqitch engine alter $engine --registry $registry
- "core.registry"
-
sqitch config core.registry $registry
-
- "top_dir"
-
The directory in which project files an subdirectories can be found, including
the plan file and script directories. The default is the current directory. If
you need a custom directory, specify it via the following:
-
- "--top-dir"
-
sqitch --top-dir $top_dir
- "target.$target.top_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --top-dir $top_dir sqitch target alter $target --top-dir $top_dir
- "engine.$engine.top_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --top-dir $top_dir sqitch engine alter $engine --top-dir $top_dir
- "core.top_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --top-dir $top_dir sqitch config core.top_dir $top_dir
-
- "plan_file"
-
The project deployment plan file, which defaults to "$top_dir/sqitch.plan".
If you need a different file, specify it via the following:
-
- "--plan-file"
-
sqitch --plan-file $plan_file
- "target.$target.plan_file"
-
sqitch target add $target --plan-file $plan_file sqitch target alter $target --plan-file $plan_file
- "engine.$engine.plan_file"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --plan-file $plan_file sqitch engine alter $engine --plan-file $plan_file
- "core.plan_file"
-
sqitch init $project --plan-file $plan_file sqitch config core.plan_file $plan_file
-
- "extension"
-
The file name extension to append to change names for change script file
names. Defaults to "sql". If you need a custom extension, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.extension"
-
sqitch target add $target --extension $extension sqitch target alter $target --extension $extension
- "engine.$engine.extension"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --extension $extension sqitch engine alter $engine --extension $extension
- "core.extension"
-
sqitch init $project --extension $extension sqitch config core.extension $extension
-
- "deploy_dir"
-
The directory in which project deploy scripts can be found. Defaults to
"$top_dir/deploy". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.deploy_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir deploy=$deploy_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir deploy=$deploy_dir
- "engine.$engine.deploy_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir deploy=$deploy_dir sqitch engine alter --dir deploy=$deploy_dir
- "core.deploy_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir deploy=$deploy_dir sqitch config core.deploy_dir $deploy_dir
-
- "revert_dir"
- "$top_dir/deploy"
-
The directory in which project revert scripts can be found. Defaults to
"$top_dir/revert". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.revert_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir revert=$revert_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir revert=$revert_dir
- "engine.$engine.revert_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir revert=$revert_dir sqitch engine alter --dir revert=$revert_dir
- "core.revert_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir revert=$revert_dir sqitch config core.revert_dir $revert_dir
-
- "verify_dir"
-
The directory in which project verify scripts can be found. Defaults to
"$top_dir/verify". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.verify_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir verify=$verify_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir verify=$verify_dir
- "engine.$engine.verify_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir verify=$verify_dir sqitch engine alter $engine --dir verify=$verify_dir
- "core.verify_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir verify=$verify_dir sqitch config core.verify_dir $verify_dir
-
- "reworked_dir"
-
The directory in which subdirectories for reworked scripts can be found.
Defaults to $top_dir. If you need a different directory, specify it via
the following:
-
- "target.$target.reworked_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir reworked=$reworked_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir reworked=$reworked_dir
- "engine.$engine.reworked_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir reworked=$reworked_dir sqitch engine alter $engine --dir reworked=$reworked_dir
- "core.reworked_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir reworked=$reworked_dir sqitch config core.reworked_dir $reworked_dir
-
- "reworked_deploy_dir"
-
The directory in which project deploy scripts can be found. Defaults to
"reworked_dir/deploy". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.reworked_deploy_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir deploy=$reworked_deploy_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir deploy=$reworked_deploy_dir
- "engine.$engine.reworked_deploy_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir deploy=$reworked_deploy_dir sqitch engine alter --dir deploy=$reworked_deploy_dir
- "core.reworked_deploy_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir deploy=$reworked_deploy_dir sqitch config core.reworked_deploy_dir $reworked_deploy_dir
-
- "reworked_revert_dir"
-
The directory in which project revert scripts can be found. Defaults to
"reworked_dir/revert". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.reworked_revert_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir revert=$reworked_revert_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir revert=$reworked_revert_dir
- "engine.$engine.reworked_revert_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir revert=$reworked_revert_dir sqitch engine alter --dir revert=$reworked_revert_dir
- "core.reworked_revert_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir revert=$reworked_revert_dir sqitch config core.reworked_revert_dir $reworked_revert_dir
-
- "reworked_verify_dir"
-
The directory in which project verify scripts can be found. Defaults to
"reworked_dir/verify". If you need a different directory, specify it via the
following:
-
- "target.$target.reworked_verify_dir"
-
sqitch target add $target --dir verify=$reworked_verify_dir sqitch target alter $target --dir verify=$reworked_verify_dir
- "engine.$engine.reworked_verify_dir"
-
sqitch engine add $engine --dir verify=$reworked_verify_dir sqitch engine alter $engine --dir verify=$reworked_verify_dir
- "core.reworked_verify_dir"
-
sqitch init $project --dir verify=$reworked_verify_dir sqitch config core.reworked_verify_dir $reworked_verify_dir
-
See Also
- sqitch-init
- sqitch-target
- sqitch-engine
- sqitch-config
Sqitch
Part of the sqitch suite.