Overview
This tutorial document provides a introduction to the Template Toolkit and demonstrates some of the typical ways it may be used for generating web content. It covers the generation of static pages from templates using the tpage and ttree scripts and then goes on to show dynamic content generation using CGI scripts and Apache/mod_perl handlers.Various features of the Template Toolkit are introduced and described briefly and explained by use of example. For further information, see Template, Template::Manual and the various sections within it. e.g
perldoc Template # Template.pm module usage
perldoc Template::Manual # index to manual
perldoc Template::Manual::Config # e.g. configuration options
The documentation is also available in HTML format to read online, or download from the Template Toolkit web site:
http://template-toolkit.org/docs/
Introduction
The Template Toolkit is a set of Perl modules which collectively implement a template processing system.A template is a text document with special markup tags embedded in it. By default, the Template Toolkit uses '"[%"' and '"%]"' to denote the start and end of a tag. Here's an example:
[% INCLUDE header %]
People of [% planet %], your attention please.
This is [% captain %] of the
Galactic Hyperspace Planning Council.
As you will no doubt be aware, the plans
for development of the outlying regions
of the Galaxy require the building of a
hyperspatial express route through your
star system, and regrettably your planet
is one of those scheduled for destruction.
The process will take slightly less than
[% time %].
Thank you.
[% INCLUDE footer %]
Tags can contain simple variables (like "planet" and "captain") and more complex directives that start with an upper case keyword (like "INCLUDE"). A directive is an instruction that tells the template processor to perform some action, like processing another template ("header" and "footer" in this example) and inserting the output into the current template. In fact, the simple variables we mentioned are actually "GET" directives, but the "GET" keyword is optional.
People of [% planet %], your attention please. # short form
People of [% GET planet %], your attention please. # long form
Other directives include "SET" to set a variable value (the "SET" keyword is also optional), "FOREACH" to iterate through a list of values, and "IF", "UNLESS", "ELSIF" and "ELSE" to declare conditional blocks.
The Template Toolkit processes all text files equally, regardless of what kind of content they contain. So you can use TT to generate HTML, XML, CSS, Javascript, Perl, RTF, LaTeX, or any other text-based format. In this tutorial, however, we'll be concentrating on generating HTML for web pages.
Generating Static Web Content
Here's an example of a template used to generate an HTML document.
[% INCLUDE header
title = 'This is an HTML example';
pages = [
{ url = 'http://foo.org'
title = 'The Foo Organisation'
}
{ url = 'http://bar.org'
title = 'The Bar Organisation'
}
]
%]
<h1>Some Interesting Links</h1>
<ul>
[% FOREACH page IN pages %]
<li><a href="[% page.url %]">[% page.title %]</a>
[% END %]
</ul>
[% INCLUDE footer %]
This example shows how the "INCLUDE" directive is used to load and process separate '"header"' and '"footer"' template files, including the output in the current document. These files might look something like this:
header:
<html>
<head>
<title>[% title %]</title>
</head>
<body>
footer:
<div class="copyright">
© Copyright 2007 Arthur Dent
</div>
</body>
</html>
The example also uses the "FOREACH" directive to iterate through the '"pages"' list to build a table of links. In this example, we have defined this list within the template to contain a number of hash references, each containing a '"url"' and '"title"' member. The "FOREACH" directive iterates through the list, aliasing '"page"' to each item (in this case, hash array references). The "[% page.url %]" and "[% page.title %]" directives then access the individual values in the hash ararys and insert them into the document.
Using tpage
Having created a template file we can now process it to generate some real output. The quickest and easiest way to do this is to use the tpage script. This is provided as part of the Template Toolkit and should be installed in your usual Perl bin directory.Assuming you saved your template file as example.html, you would run the command:
$ tpage example.html
This will process the template file, sending the output to "STDOUT" (i.e. whizzing past you on the screen). You may want to redirect the output to a file but be careful not to specify the same name as the template file, or you'll overwrite it. You may want to use one prefix for your templates (e.g. '".tt"') and another (e.g. '".html"') for the output files.
$ tpage example.tt > example.html
Or you can redirect the output to another directory. e.g.
$ tpage templates/example.tt > html/example.html
The output generated would look like this:
<html>
<head>
<title>This is an HTML example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Some Interesting Links</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://foo.org">The Foo Organsiation</a>
<li><a href="http://bar.org">The Bar Organsiation</a>
</ul>
<div class="copyright">
© Copyright 2007 Arthur Dent
</div>
</body>
</html>
The header and footer template files have been included (assuming you created them and they're in the current directory) and the link data has been built into an HTML list.
Using ttree
The tpage script gives you a simple and easy way to process a single template without having to write any Perl code. The <ttree:Template::Tools::ttree> script, also distributed as part of the Template Toolkit, provides a more flexible way to process a number of template documents in one go.The first time you run the script, it will ask you if it should create a configuration file (.ttreerc) in your home directory. Answer "y" to have it create the file.
The <ttree:Template::Tools::ttree> documentation describes how you can change the location of this file and also explains the syntax and meaning of the various options in the file. Comments are written to the sample configuration file which should also help.
In brief, the configuration file describes the directories in which template files are to be found ("src"), where the corresponding output should be written to ("dest"), and any other directories ("lib") that may contain template files that you plan to "INCLUDE" into your source documents. You can also specify processing options (such as "verbose" and "recurse") and provide regular expression to match files that you don't want to process ("ignore", "accept")> or should be copied instead of being processed as templates ("copy").
An example .ttreerc file is shown here:
$HOME/.ttreerc:
verbose
recurse
# this is where I keep other ttree config files
cfg = ~/.ttree
src = ~/websrc/src
lib = ~/websrc/lib
dest = ~/public_html/test
ignore = \b(CVS|RCS)\b
ignore = ^#
You can create many different configuration files and store them in the directory specified in the "cfg" option, shown above. You then add the "-f filename" option to "ttree" to have it read that file.
When you run the script, it compares all the files in the "src" directory (including those in sub-directories if the "recurse" option is set), with those in the "dest" directory. If the destination file doesn't exist or has an earlier modification time than the corresponding source file, then the source will be processed with the output written to the destination file. The "-a" option forces all files to be processed, regardless of modification times.
The script doesn't process any of the files in the "lib" directory, but it does add it to the "INCLUDE_PATH" for the template processor so that it can locate these files via an "INCLUDE", "PROCESS" or "WRAPPER" directive. Thus, the "lib" directory is an excellent place to keep template elements such as header, footers, etc., that aren't complete documents in their own right.
You can also specify various Template Toolkit options from the configuration file. Consult the ttree documentation and help summary ("ttree -h") for full details. e.g.
$HOME/.ttreerc:
pre_process = config
interpolate
post_chomp
The "pre_process" option allows you to specify a template file which should be processed before each file. Unsurprisingly, there's also a "post_process" option to add a template after each file. In the fragment above, we have specified that the "config" template should be used as a prefix template. We can create this file in the "lib" directory and use it to define some common variables, including those web page links we defined earlier and might want to re-use in other templates. We could also include an HTML header, title, or menu bar in this file which would then be prepended to each and every template file, but for now we'll keep all that in a separate "header" file.
$lib/config:
[% root = '~/abw'
home = "$root/index.html"
images = "$root/images"
email = '[email protected]'
graphics = 1
webpages = [
{ url => 'http://foo.org', title => 'The Foo Organsiation' }
{ url => 'http://bar.org', title => 'The Bar Organsiation' }
]
%]
Assuming you've created or copied the "header" and "footer" files from the earlier example into your "lib" directory, you can now start to create web pages like the following in your "src" directory and process them with "ttree".
$src/newpage.html:
[% INCLUDE header
title = 'Another Template Toolkit Test Page'
%]
<a href="[% home %]">Home</a>
<a href="mailto:[% email %]">Email</a>
[% IF graphics %]
<img src="[% images %]/logo.gif" align=right width=60 height=40>
[% END %]
[% INCLUDE footer %]
Here we've shown how pre-defined variables can be used as flags to enable certain feature (e.g. "graphics") and to specify common items such as an email address and URL's for the home page, images directory and so on. This approach allows you to define these values once so that they're consistent across all pages and can easily be changed to new values.
When you run ttree, you should see output similar to the following (assuming you have the verbose flag set).
ttree 2.9 (Template Toolkit version 2.20)
Source: /home/abw/websrc/src
Destination: /home/abw/public_html/test
Include Path: [ /home/abw/websrc/lib ]
Ignore: [ \b(CVS|RCS)\b, ^# ]
Copy: [ ]
Accept: [ * ]
+ newpage.html
The "+" in front of the "newpage.html" filename shows that the file was processed, with the output being written to the destination directory. If you run the same command again, you'll see the following line displayed instead showing a "-" and giving a reason why the file wasn't processed.
- newpage.html (not modified)
It has detected a "newpage.html" in the destination directory which is more recent than that in the source directory and so hasn't bothered to waste time re-processing it. To force all files to be processed, use the "-a" option. You can also specify one or more filenames as command line arguments to "ttree":
tpage newpage.html
This is what the destination page looks like.
$dest/newpage.html:
<html>
<head>
<title>Another Template Toolkit Test Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="~/abw/index.html">Home</a>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Email me</a>
<img src="~/abw/images/logo.gif" align=right width=60 height=40>
<div class="copyright">
© Copyright 2007 Arthur Dent
</div>
</body>
</html>
You can add as many documents as you like to the "src" directory and "ttree" will apply the same process to them all. In this way, it is possible to build an entire tree of static content for a web site with a single command. The added benefit is that you can be assured of consistency in links, header style, or whatever else you choose to implement in terms of common templates elements or variables.
Dynamic Content Generation Via CGI Script
The Template module provides a simple front-end to the Template Toolkit for use in CGI scripts and Apache/mod_perl handlers. Simply "use" the Template module, create an object instance with the new() method and then call the process() method on the object, passing the name of the template file as a parameter. The second parameter passed is a reference to a hash array of variables that we want made available to the template:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Template;
my $file = 'src/greeting.html';
my $vars = {
message => "Hello World\n"
};
my $template = Template->new();
$template->process($file, $vars)
|| die "Template process failed: ", $template->error(), "\n";
So that our scripts will work with the same template files as our earlier examples, we'll can add some configuration options to the constructor to tell it about our environment:
my $template->new({
# where to find template files
INCLUDE_PATH => ['/home/abw/websrc/src', '/home/abw/websrc/lib'],
# pre-process lib/config to define any extra values
PRE_PROCESS => 'config',
});
Note that here we specify the "config" file as a "PRE_PROCESS" option. This means that the templates we process can use the same global variables defined earlier for our static pages. We don't have to replicate their definitions in this script. However, we can supply additional data and functionality specific to this script via the hash of variables that we pass to the "process()" method.
These entries in this hash may contain simple text or other values, references to lists, others hashes, sub-routines or objects. The Template Toolkit will automatically apply the correct procedure to access these different types when you use the variables in a template.
Here's a more detailed example to look over. Amongst the different template variables we define in $vars, we create a reference to a CGI object and a "get_user_projects()" sub-routine.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Template;
use CGI;
$| = 1;
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
my $file = 'userinfo.html';
my $vars = {
'version' => 3.14,
'days' => [ qw( mon tue wed thu fri sat sun ) ],
'worklist' => \&get_user_projects,
'cgi' => CGI->new(),
'me' => {
'id' => 'abw',
'name' => 'Andy Wardley',
},
};
sub get_user_projects {
my $user = shift;
my @projects = ... # do something to retrieve data
return \@projects;
}
my $template = Template->new({
INCLUDE_PATH => '/home/abw/websrc/src:/home/abw/websrc/lib',
PRE_PROCESS => 'config',
});
$template->process($file, $vars)
|| die $template->error();
Here's a sample template file that we might create to build the output for this script.
$src/userinfo.html:
[% INCLUDE header
title = 'Template Toolkit CGI Test'
%]
<a href="mailto:[% email %]">Email [% me.name %]</a>
<p>This is version [% version %]</p>
<h3>Projects</h3>
<ul>
[% FOREACH project IN worklist(me.id) %]
<li> <a href="[% project.url %]">[% project.name %]</a>
[% END %]
</ul>
[% INCLUDE footer %]
This example shows how we've separated the Perl implementation (code) from the presentation (HTML). This not only makes them easier to maintain in isolation, but also allows the re-use of existing template elements such as headers and footers, etc. By using template to create the output of your CGI scripts, you can give them the same consistency as your static pages built via ttree or other means.
Furthermore, we can modify our script so that it processes any one of a number of different templates based on some condition. A CGI script to maintain a user database, for example, might process one template to provide an empty form for new users, the same form with some default values set for updating an existing user record, a third template for listing all users in the system, and so on. You can use any Perl functionality you care to write to implement the logic of your application and then choose one or other template to generate the desired output for the application state.
Dynamic Content Generation Via Apache/Mod_Perl Handler
NOTE: the Apache::Template module is available from CPAN and provides a simple and easy to use Apache/mod_perl interface to the Template Toolkit. Although basic, it implements most, if not all of what is described below, and it avoids the need to write your own handler. However, in many cases, you'll want to write your own handler to customise processing for your own need, and this section will show you how to get started.The Template module can be used from an Apache/mod_perl handler. Here's an example of a typical Apache httpd.conf file:
PerlModule CGI;
PerlModule Template
PerlModule MyOrg::Apache::User
PerlSetVar websrc_root /home/abw/websrc
<Location /user/bin>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler MyOrg::Apache::User
</Location>
This defines a location called "/user/bin" to which all requests will be forwarded to the "handler()" method of the "MyOrg::Apache::User" module. That module might look something like this:
package MyOrg::Apache::User;
use strict;
use vars qw( $VERSION );
use Apache::Constants qw( :common );
use Template qw( :template );
use CGI;
$VERSION = 1.59;
sub handler {
my $r = shift;
my $websrc = $r->dir_config('websrc_root')
or return fail($r, SERVER_ERROR,
"'websrc_root' not specified");
my $template = Template->new({
INCLUDE_PATH => "$websrc/src/user:$websrc/lib",
PRE_PROCESS => 'config',
OUTPUT => $r, # direct output to Apache request
});
my $params = {
uri => $r->uri,
cgi => CGI->new,
};
# use the path_info to determine which template file to process
my $file = $r->path_info;
$file =~ s[^/][];
$r->content_type('text/html');
$r->send_http_header;
$template->process($file, $params)
|| return fail($r, SERVER_ERROR, $template->error());
return OK;
}
sub fail {
my ($r, $status, $message) = @_;
$r->log_reason($message, $r->filename);
return $status;
}
The handler accepts the request and uses it to determine the "websrc_root" value from the config file. This is then used to define an "INCLUDE_PATH" for a new Template object. The URI is extracted from the request and a CGI object is created. These are both defined as template variables.
The name of the template file itself is taken from the "PATH_INFO" element of the request. In this case, it would comprise the part of the URL coming after "/user/bin", e.g for "/user/bin/edit", the template file would be "edit" located in "$websrc/src/user". The headers are sent and the template file is processed. All output is sent directly to the "print()" method of the Apache request object.
Using Plugins to Extend Functionality
As we've already shown, it is possible to bind Perl data and functions to template variables when creating dynamic content via a CGI script or Apache/mod_perl process. The Template Toolkit also supports a plugin interface which allows you define such additional data and/or functionality in a separate module and then load and use it as required with the "USE" directive.The main benefit to this approach is that you can load the extension into any template document, even those that are processed ``statically'' by "tpage" or "ttree". You don't need to write a Perl wrapper to explicitly load the module and make it available via the stash.
Let's demonstrate this principle using the "DBI" plugin written by Simon Matthews (available from CPAN). You can create this template in your "src" directory and process it using "ttree" to see the results. Of course, this example relies on the existence of the appropriate SQL database but you should be able to adapt it to your own resources, or at least use it as a demonstrative example of what's possible.
[% INCLUDE header
title = 'User Info'
%]
[% USE DBI('dbi:mSQL:mydbname') %]
<table border=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<th>User ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
</tr>
[% FOREACH user IN DBI.query('SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id') %]
<tr>
<td>[% user.id %]</td>
<td>[% user.name %]</td>
<td>[% user.email %]</td>
</tr>
[% END %]
</table>
[% INCLUDE footer %]
A plugin is simply a Perl module in a known location and conforming to a known standard such that the Template Toolkit can find and load it automatically. You can create your own plugin by inheriting from the Template::Plugin module.
Here's an example which defines some data items ("foo" and "people") and also an object method ("bar"). We'll call the plugin "FooBar" for want of a better name and create it in the "MyOrg::Template::Plugin::FooBar" package. We've added a "MyOrg" to the regular "Template::Plugin::*" package to avoid any conflict with existing plugins.
package MyOrg::Template::Plugin::FooBar;
use base 'Template::Plugin'
our $VERSION = 1.23;
sub new {
my ($class, $context, @params) = @_;
bless {
_CONTEXT => $context,
foo => 25,
people => [ 'tom', 'dick', 'harry' ],
}, $class;
}
sub bar {
my ($self, @params) = @_;
# ...do something...
return $some_value;
}
The plugin constructor "new()" receives the class name as the first parameter, as is usual in Perl, followed by a reference to something called a Template::Context object. You don't need to worry too much about this at the moment, other than to know that it's the main processing object for the Template Toolkit. It provides access to the functionality of the processor and some plugins may need to communicate with it. We don't at this stage, but we'll save the reference anyway in the "_CONTEXT" member. The leading underscore is a convention which indicates that this item is private and the Template Toolkit won't attempt to access this member. The other members defined, "foo" and "people" are regular data items which will be made available to templates using this plugin. Following the context reference are passed any additional parameters specified with the USE directive, such as the data source parameter, "dbi:mSQL:mydbname", that we used in the earlier DBI example.
If you don't or can't install it to the regular place for your Perl modules (perhaps because you don't have the required privileges) then you can set the PERL5LIB environment variable to specify another location. If you're using "ttree" then you can add the following line to your configuration file instead.
$HOME/.ttreerc:
perl5lib = /path/to/modules
One further configuration item must be added to inform the toolkit of the new package name we have adopted for our plugins:
$HOME/.ttreerc:
plugin_base = 'MyOrg::Template::Plugin'
If you're writing Perl code to control the Template modules directly, then this value can be passed as a configuration parameter when you create the module.
use Template;
my $template = Template->new({
PLUGIN_BASE => 'MyOrg::Template::Plugin'
});
Now we can create a template which uses this plugin:
[% INCLUDE header
title = 'FooBar Plugin Test'
%]
[% USE FooBar %]
Some values available from this plugin:
[% FooBar.foo %] [% FooBar.bar %]
The users defined in the 'people' list:
[% FOREACH uid = FooBar.people %]
* [% uid %]
[% END %]
[% INCLUDE footer %]
The "foo", "bar", and "people" items of the FooBar plugin are automatically resolved to the appropriate data items or method calls on the underlying object.
Using this approach, it is possible to create application functionality in a single module which can then be loaded and used on demand in any template. The simple interface between template directives and plugin objects allows complex, dynamic content to be built from a few simple template documents without knowing anything about the underlying implementation.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1996-2007 Andy Wardley. All Rights Reserved.This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.