ttm(1) TeX and LaTeX to MathML translator

Other Alias

latex2gif, ps2gif, ps2png

## SYNOPSIS

ttm [options] [<file.tex] [>file.xml] [2>err]

ttm [options] file.tex [2>err]

latex2gif file (no extension)

ps2gif file.ps file.gif [icon.gif]

ps2png file.ps file.png [icon.png]

## DESCRIPTION

The scripts latex2gif, ps2gif or ps2png are in the recommended package tth-common.

ttm translates TeX source that uses the plain macro package or LaTeX, including most mathematics, into a near equivalent in MathML. The formal standard that TTM-translated documents follow is strictly HTML4.0 Transitional.

The complete documentation is contained in "ttm_manual.html" distributed with the program. This man page is an incomplete summary and updated on an irregular basis. [Last updated 1 May 2002 by Hans Fredrik Nordhaug.]

The program is a filter, i.e. it reads from standard input and writes to standard output. In addition, diagnostic messages concerning its detection of unknown or untranslated constructs are sent to standard error.

In handling embedded graphical files ttm can make use of auxiliary programs, ps2gif or ps2png, which in turn make use of the ghostscript interpreter gs (1) and the Portable Bitmap Graphics suite of commands, see pbm (1).

ttm is extremely fast in default mode on any reasonable hardware. Conversion of even large TeX files should be a matter of a second or two. This makes it possible to use ttm in a CGI script to output MathML directly from TeX source if desired; (standard error may then need to be redirected.)

ttm handles TeX things like:

Almost all mathematics, including symbols, fractions, delimiters.
{} \begingroup\endgroup grouping.
\it \bf \sl etc styles.
\beginsection.
\centerline{}.
\item{...} \itemitem{...} {\obeylines ...}.
Almost all accented latin characters written like \"o, or \"{e}.
\hang \hangindent \narrower for entire paragraphs
(\hangafter ignored).
\halign tables, checks template for the presence of \vrule,
to decide if the table is to be border style.
\settabs \+ style tables.
\input: But, of course, not from the implicit texinputs path.
\newcount, \number, \advance and counter setting.
\def, \edef, \xdef but no delimited arguments.
All definitions are global.
\matrix, \pmatrix but not \bordermatrix. \cases.


LaTeX support includes essentially all mathematics plus the following environments: em, verbatim, center, flushright [one paragraph only], verse, quotation, quote, itemize, enumerate, description, list [treated as if description], figure, table, tabular[*,x], equation, displaymath, eqnarray [only one equation number], math, array, thebibliography, [raw]html, index [as description]. and LaTeX commands: [re]newcommand, newenvironment [optional arg not permitted], chapter, section, subsection, subsubsection, caption, label, ref, pageref [no number], emph, textit, texttt, textbf, centering, raggedleft, includegraphics, [e]psfig, title, author, date [not automatic], lefteqn, frac, tableofcontents, input, include [as input], textcolor, color [8 standard colors], footnote [ignoring optional arg], cite, bibitem, bibliography, tiny ... normalsize ... Huge, newcounter [no within'' support], setcounter, addtocounter, value [inside set or addto counter], arabic, the, stepcounter, newline, verb[*], bfseries, itshape, ttfamily, textsc, ensuremath, listoftables, listoffigures, newtheorem [no optional arguments permitted], today, printindex, boldmath, unboldmath, newfont, thanks, makeindex, index.

Hypertext cross-references within the document are automatically generated by (e.g.) ref, and tableofcontents.

When ttm encounters TeX constructs that it cannot handle either because there is no MathML equivalent, or because it is not clever enough, it tries to remove the mess they would otherwise cause in the MathML code, generally giving a warning of the action if it is not sure what it is doing. Untranslatable TeX math tokens are inserted verbatim.

## Independence of [La]TeX installation and the -L switch

A major difference between ttm and latex2html is that ttm does not call the latex or tex programs at all by default, and is not specifically dependent upon these, or indeed any other (e.g. perl), programs being installed on the translating system. Its portability is therefore virtually universal.

Forward references in LaTeX are handled by multiple passes that write auxiliary files. ttm does only a single pass through the source. If you want ttm to use LaTeX constructs (e.g. tableofcontents, bibliographic commands, etc.) that depend on auxiliary files, then you do need to run LaTeX on the code so that these files are generated. Alternatively, the ttm switch -a causes ttm automatically to attempt to run latex on the file, if no auxiliary file .aux exists.

When run specifying a filename on the command line as a non-switch argument, x ttm constructs the name of the expected auxiliary LaTeX files in the usual way and looks for them in the same directory as the file. If you are using ttm as a filter, you must tell ttm , using the switch -Lfilename, the base file name of these auxiliary files (which is the name of the original file omitting the extension). If ttm cannot find the relevant auxiliary file because you didn't run LaTeX and generate the files or didn't include the switch, then it will omit the construct and warn you. Forward references via ref will not work if the .aux file is unavailable, but backward references will. The -L switch with no filename may be used to tell ttm that the document being translated is to be interpreted as a LaTeX file even though it lacks the usual LaTeX header commands. This may be useful for translating single equations that (unwisely) use the \frac command.

## BibTeX bibliographies

ttm supports bibliographies that are created by hand using \begin{thebibliography} etc. Such bibliographies do not require anything beyond the .aux file. ttm also supports bibliographies created using BibTeX from a biblography database. The filename.bbl file is input at the correct place in the document. However, this filename.bbl is not created automatically by latex. In addition to running latex on the source file to create the auxiliary file, you must also execute bibtex filename in the same directory, to create the filename.bbl file, and then run latex again to get the references right. (This is, of course, no more than the standard procedure for using bibtex with latex but it must be done if you want ttm to get your bibliography right). If you don't create the
.bbl file, or if you create it somewhere else that ttm does not search, then naturally ttm won't find it. Since the BibTeX process is relatively tortuous, ttm offers an alternative. Using the -a switch with ttm will cause it to attempt to generate the required .bbl file automatically using bibtex and latex.

There are many different styles for bibliographies and a large number of different LaTeX extension packages has grown up to implement them, which ttm does not support. More recently, a significant rationalization of the situation has been achieved by the package natbib. ttm has rudimentary support built in for its commands \citep and citet in the default author-date form without a second optional argument. A style file for natbib is distributed with TTMgold which makes it possible to accommodate most of its more useful styles and commands and easily switch from author-date citation to numeric citation.

## Indexing

ttm can make an extremely useful hyperlinked index using LaTeX automatic indexing entries. But indexing an MathML document is different from indexing a printed document, because a printed index refers to page numbers, which have no meaning in MathML because there are no page breaks. TTM indexes LaTeX documents by section number rather than by page; assuming, of course, that they have been prepared with index entries in the standard LaTeX fashion.

ttm will construct an index based on the standard LaTeX commands "\makeindex" and "\index{...}", and automatically process it and read it in when "\printindex" is encountered. The command line for calling the makeindex program (not part of this distribution) may be changed using the -x switch. For a file without the "\makeindex" command, ttm will write no index files, just read in an existing one "file.ind" if it exists.

## Graphics inclusion: epsfbox/includegraphics

The standard way in plain TeX to include a graphic is using the epsf macros. The work is done by \epsfbox{file.ps} which ttm can parse. By default ttm produces a simple link to such a postscript file, or indeed any format file.

Optionally TTM can use a more appropriate graphics format, by using ps2gif or ps2png to convert the postscript file to a png or gif file, "file.png" or file.gif" When the switch -e1 or -e2 is specified, if file.png'', file.gif'' or file.jpg'' already exists in the same directory as implied by the reference to file.ps'' then no conversion is done and the file found is used instead. That graphics file is then automatically either linked (-e1) or inlined (-e2) in the document. If no such file is found, TTM tries to find a postscript file with extension that starts either .ps or .eps and convert it, first using ps2png then, if unsuccessful, ps2gif. By popular request, a third graphics option -e3 for generating icons is now available.

The LaTeX command \includegraphics{...} and the older \[e]psfig{file=...} are treated the same as \epsfbox. Their optional arguments are ignored.

## Picture Environments

The picture environment cannot be translated to MathML. Pictures using the built-in LaTeX commands must be converted to a graphics file such as a gif or png, and then included using \includegraphics. The switch -a, causes ttm to attempt automatic picture conversion using latex2gif.

## OPTIONS

-a
attempt automatic conversion of picture environments. Default omit.
-c
prefix header "Content-type: text/MathML" (for direct web serving).
-d
disable definitions with delimited arguments. Default enable.
-e?
epsfbox handling: -e1 convert figure to png/gif using user-supplied ps2png/ps2gif. -e2 convert and include inline. -e3 as e2 but with icon. -e0 (default) no conversion, just ref.
-f?
sets the depth of grouping to which fractions are constructed built-up f5 (default) allows five levels built-up, f0 none, f9 lots.
-g
don't guess an MathML equivalent for font definitions, just remove.
-h
print some help. -? print usage
-i
use italic font for equations (like TeX). Default roman.
-j?
use index page length ?. Default 20 lines. -j single column.
-Lfile
tells ttm the base file (no extension) for LaTeX auxiliary input.
-n?
MathML title format control. 0 raw. 1 expand macros. 2 expand eqns.
-ppath
specify additional directories (path) to search for input files.
-r
output raw MathML (no preamble or postlude) for inclusion in other MathML.
-t
permit built-up items in textstyle equations. Default in-line items only.
-u
unicode character encoding. (Default iso-8859-1).
-v
give verbose commentary.
-V
even more verbose (for debugging).
-w?
MathML writing style. Default no head/body tags. -w -w0 no title. -w1 single title only, head/body tags. -w2 XMathML.
-xmakindxcmd
specify a non-standard makeindex command line.
-y?
equation style: bit 1 compress vertically; bit 2 inline overaccents.

## Browser Problems

ttm translates (La)TeX into standard MathML and takes account as far as possible of the idiosyncrasies of the major browsers. Nevertheless, there are several problems that are associated with the browsers. Authors and publishers should recognize that these are not ttm bugs.

Many of the most serious difficulties of Mathematics rendering in MathML are associated with the need for extra symbols. In addition to various Greek letters and mathematical operators, one needs access to the glyphs used to build up from parts the large brackets matching the height of built-up fractions. These symbols are almost universally present on systems with graphical browsers, which all have a Symbol'' font, generally based on that made freely available by Adobe. The problem lies in accessing the font because of shortcomings in the browsers and the MathML standards that relate to font use.

## AUTHOR

ttm is copyright (c) 1997-2011 Ian Hutchinson ([email protected]).