SYNOPSIS

SUBROUTINE DGESVJ(

JOBA, JOBU, JOBV, M, N, A, LDA, SVA, MV, V,

    

+ LDV, WORK, LWORK, INFO )

    

IMPLICIT NONE

    

INTEGER INFO, LDA, LDV, LWORK, M, MV, N

    

CHARACTER*1 JOBA, JOBU, JOBV

    

DOUBLE PRECISION A( LDA, * ), SVA( N ), V( LDV, * ),

    

+ WORK( LWORK )

PURPOSE

DGESVJ computes the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a real M-by-N matrix A, where M >= N. The SVD of A is written as
                                   [++]   [xx]   [x0]   [xx]
             A = U * SIGMA * V^t,  [++] = [xx] * [ox] * [xx]
                                   [++]   [xx]
where SIGMA is an N-by-N diagonal matrix, U is an M-by-N orthonormal matrix, and V is an N-by-N orthogonal matrix. The diagonal elements of SIGMA are the singular values of A. The columns of U and V are the left and the right singular vectors of A, respectively.
Further Details
The orthogonal N-by-N matrix V is obtained as a product of Jacobi plane rotations. The rotations are implemented as fast scaled rotations of Anda and Park [1]. In the case of underflow of the Jacobi angle, a modified Jacobi transformation of Drmac [4] is used. Pivot strategy uses column interchanges of de Rijk [2]. The relative accuracy of the computed singular values and the accuracy of the computed singular vectors (in angle metric) is as guaranteed by the theory of Demmel and Veselic [3]. The condition number that determines the accuracy in the full rank case is essentially min_{D=diag} kappa(A*D), where kappa(.) is the spectral condition number. The best performance of this Jacobi SVD procedure is achieved if used in an accelerated version of Drmac and Veselic [5,6], and it is the kernel routine in the SIGMA library [7]. Some tunning parameters (marked with [TP]) are available for the implementer.
The computational range for the nonzero singular values is the machine number interval ( UNDERFLOW , OVERFLOW ). In extreme cases, even denormalized singular values can be computed with the corresponding gradual loss of accurate digits.
Contributors
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Zlatko Drmac (Zagreb, Croatia) and Kresimir Veselic (Hagen, Germany) References
~~~~~~~~~~

   SIAM J. matrix Anal. Appl., Vol. 15 (1994), pp. 162-174.
   singular value decomposition on a vector computer.

   SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp., Vol. 10 (1998), pp. 359-371.
   value computation in floating point arithmetic.

   SIAM J. Sci. Comp., Vol. 18 (1997), pp. 1200-1222.

   SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 1322-1342.
   LAPACK Working note 169.

   SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 1343-1362.
   LAPACK Working note 170.

   QSVD, (H,K)-SVD computations.

   Department of Mathematics, University of Zagreb, 2008. Bugs, Examples and Comments
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Please report all bugs and send interesting test examples and comments to [email protected]. Thank you.

ARGUMENTS

JOBA (input) CHARACTER* 1

Specifies the structure of A. = 'L': The input matrix A is lower triangular;
= 'U': The input matrix A is upper triangular;
= 'G': The input matrix A is general M-by-N matrix, M >= N.

JOBU (input) CHARACTER*1

Specifies whether to compute the left singular vectors (columns of U):
= 'U': The left singular vectors corresponding to the nonzero singular values are computed and returned in the leading columns of A. See more details in the description of A. The default numerical orthogonality threshold is set to approximately TOL=CTOL*EPS, CTOL=DSQRT(M), EPS=DLAMCH('E'). = 'C': Analogous to JOBU='U', except that user can control the level of numerical orthogonality of the computed left singular vectors. TOL can be set to TOL = CTOL*EPS, where CTOL is given on input in the array WORK. No CTOL smaller than ONE is allowed. CTOL greater than 1 / EPS is meaningless. The option 'C' can be used if M*EPS is satisfactory orthogonality of the computed left singular vectors, so CTOL=M could save few sweeps of Jacobi rotations. See the descriptions of A and WORK(1). = 'N': The matrix U is not computed. However, see the description of A.

JOBV (input) CHARACTER*1

Specifies whether to compute the right singular vectors, that is, the matrix V:
= 'V' : the matrix V is computed and returned in the array V
= 'A' : the Jacobi rotations are applied to the MV-by-N array V. In other words, the right singular vector matrix V is not computed explicitly, instead it is applied to an MV-by-N matrix initially stored in the first MV rows of V. = 'N' : the matrix V is not computed and the array V is not referenced

M (input) INTEGER

The number of rows of the input matrix A. M >= 0.

N (input) INTEGER

The number of columns of the input matrix A. M >= N >= 0.

A (input/output) REAL array, dimension (LDA,N)

On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit :
If JOBU .EQ. 'U' .OR. JOBU .EQ. 'C' :
If INFO .EQ. 0 : RANKA orthonormal columns of U are returned in the leading RANKA columns of the array A. Here RANKA <= N is the number of computed singular values of A that are above the underflow threshold DLAMCH('S'). The singular vectors corresponding to underflowed or zero singular values are not computed. The value of RANKA is returned in the array WORK as RANKA=NINT(WORK(2)). Also see the descriptions of SVA and WORK. The computed columns of U are mutually numerically orthogonal up to approximately TOL=DSQRT(M)*EPS (default); or TOL=CTOL*EPS (JOBU.EQ.'C'), see the description of JOBU. If INFO .GT. 0 : the procedure DGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps). In that case, the computed columns of U may not be orthogonal up to TOL. The output U (stored in A), SIGMA (given by the computed singular values in SVA(1:N)) and V is still a decomposition of the input matrix A in the sense that the residual ||A-SCALE*U*SIGMA*V^T||_2 / ||A||_2 is small. If JOBU .EQ. 'N' : If INFO .EQ. 0 : Note that the left singular vectors are 'for free' in the one-sided Jacobi SVD algorithm. However, if only the singular values are needed, the level of numerical orthogonality of U is not an issue and iterations are stopped when the columns of the iterated matrix are numerically orthogonal up to approximately M*EPS. Thus, on exit, A contains the columns of U scaled with the corresponding singular values. If INFO .GT. 0 : the procedure DGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps).

LDA (input) INTEGER

The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).

SVA (workspace/output) REAL array, dimension (N)

On exit :
If INFO .EQ. 0 :
depending on the value SCALE = WORK(1), we have:
If SCALE .EQ. ONE :
SVA(1:N) contains the computed singular values of A. During the computation SVA contains the Euclidean column norms of the iterated matrices in the array A. If SCALE .NE. ONE :
The singular values of A are SCALE*SVA(1:N), and this factored representation is due to the fact that some of the singular values of A might underflow or overflow. If INFO .GT. 0 : the procedure DGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps) and SCALE*SVA(1:N) may not be accurate.

MV (input) INTEGER

If JOBV .EQ. 'A', then the product of Jacobi rotations in DGESVJ is applied to the first MV rows of V. See the description of JOBV.

V (input/output) REAL array, dimension (LDV,N)

If JOBV = 'V', then V contains on exit the N-by-N matrix of the right singular vectors; If JOBV = 'A', then V contains the product of the computed right singular vector matrix and the initial matrix in the array V. If JOBV = 'N', then V is not referenced.

LDV (input) INTEGER

The leading dimension of the array V, LDV .GE. 1. If JOBV .EQ. 'V', then LDV .GE. max(1,N). If JOBV .EQ. 'A', then LDV .GE. max(1,MV) .

WORK (input/workspace/output) REAL array, dimension max(4,M+N).

On entry :
If JOBU .EQ. 'C' : WORK(1) = CTOL, where CTOL defines the threshold for convergence. The process stops if all columns of A are mutually orthogonal up to CTOL*EPS, EPS=DLAMCH('E'). It is required that CTOL >= ONE, i.e. it is not allowed to force the routine to obtain orthogonality below EPSILON. On exit :
WORK(1) = SCALE is the scaling factor such that SCALE*SVA(1:N) are the computed singular values of A. (See description of SVA().) WORK(2) = NINT(WORK(2)) is the number of the computed nonzero singular values. WORK(3) = NINT(WORK(3)) is the number of the computed singular values that are larger than the underflow threshold. WORK(4) = NINT(WORK(4)) is the number of sweeps of Jacobi rotations needed for numerical convergence. WORK(5) = max_{i.NE.j} |COS(A(:,i),A(:,j))| in the last sweep. This is useful information in cases when DGESVJ did not converge, as it can be used to estimate whether the output is stil useful and for post festum analysis. WORK(6) = the largest absolute value over all sines of the Jacobi rotation angles in the last sweep. It can be useful for a post festum analysis.

LWORK length of WORK, WORK >= MAX(6,M+N)

INFO (output) INTEGER

= 0 : successful exit.
< 0 : if INFO = -i, then the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0 : DGESVJ did not converge in the maximal allowed number (30) of sweeps. The output may still be useful. See the description of WORK.