SYNOPSIS

Fd #include <dispatch/dispatch.h> Ft void Fo dispatch_async Fa dispatch_queue_t queue void (^block)(void) Fc Ft void Fo dispatch_sync Fa dispatch_queue_t queue void (^block)(void) Fc Ft void Fo dispatch_async_f Fa dispatch_queue_t queue void *context void (*function)(void *) Fc Ft void Fo dispatch_sync_f Fa dispatch_queue_t queue void *context void (*function)(void *) Fc

DESCRIPTION

The Fn dispatch_async and Fn dispatch_sync functions schedule blocks for concurrent execution within the dispatch(3) framework. Blocks are submitted to a queue which dictates the policy for their execution. See dispatch_queue_create3 for more information about creating dispatch queues.

These functions support efficient temporal synchronization, background concurrency and data-level concurrency. These same functions can also be used for efficient notification of the completion of asynchronous blocks (a.k.a. callbacks).

TEMPORAL SYNCHRONIZATION

Synchronization is often required when multiple threads of execution access shared data concurrently. The simplest form of synchronization is mutual-exclusion (a lock), whereby different subsystems execute concurrently until a shared critical section is entered. In the pthread(3) family of procedures, temporal synchronization is accomplished like so:

int r = pthread_mutex_lock(&my_lock);
assert(r == 0);
// critical section
r = pthread_mutex_unlock(&my_lock);
assert(r == 0);

The Fn dispatch_sync function may be used with a serial queue to accomplish the same style of synchronization. For example:

dispatch_sync(my_queue, ^{
        // critical section
});

In addition to providing a more concise expression of synchronization, this approach is less error prone as the critical section cannot be accidentally left without restoring the queue to a reentrant state.

The Fn dispatch_async function may be used to implement deferred critical sections when the result of the block is not needed locally. Deferred critical sections have the same synchronization properties as the above code, but are non-blocking and therefore more efficient to perform. For example:

dispatch_async(my_queue, ^{
        // critical section
});

BACKGROUND CONCURRENCY

Th e Fn dispatch_async function may be used to execute trivial backgound tasks on a global concurrent queue. For example:

dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,0), ^{
        // background operation
});

This approach is an efficient replacement for pthread_create3.

COMPLETION CALLBACKS

Completion callbacks can be accomplished via nested calls to the Fn dispatch_async function. It is important to remember to retain the destination queue before the first call to Fn dispatch_async , and to release that queue at the end of the completion callback to ensure the destination queue is not deallocated while the completion callback is pending. For example:

void
async_read(object_t obj,
        void *where, size_t bytes,
        dispatch_queue_t destination_queue,
        void (^reply_block)(ssize_t r, int err))
{
        // There are better ways of doing async I/O.
        // This is just an example of nested blocks.
        dispatch_retain(destination_queue);
        
        dispatch_async(obj->queue, ^{
                ssize_t r = read(obj->fd, where, bytes);
                int err = errno;
                dispatch_async(destination_queue, ^{
                        reply_block(r, err);
                }); 
                dispatch_release(destination_queue);
        });
}

RECURSIVE LOCKS

While Fn dispatch_sync can replace a lock, it cannot replace a recursive lock. Unlike locks, queues support both asynchronous and synchronous operations, and those operations are ordered by definition. A recursive call to Fn dispatch_sync causes a simple deadlock as the currently executing block waits for the next block to complete, but the next block will not start until the currently running block completes.

As the dispatch framework was designed, we studied recursive locks. We found that the vast majority of recursive locks are deployed retroactively when ill-defined lock hierarchies are discovered. As a consequence, the adoption of recursive locks often mutates obvious bugs into obscure ones. This study also revealed an insight: if reentrancy is unavoidable, then reader/writer locks are preferable to recursive locks. Disciplined use of reader/writer locks enable reentrancy only when reentrancy is safe (the "read" side of the lock).

Nevertheless, if it is absolutely necessary, what follows is an imperfect way of implementing recursive locks using the dispatch framework:

void
sloppy_lock(object_t object, void (^block)(void))
{
        if (object->owner == pthread_self()) {
                return block();
        }
        dispatch_sync(object->queue, ^{
                object->owner = pthread_self();
                block();
                object->owner = NULL;
        });
}

The above example does not solve the case where queue A runs on thread X which calls Fn dispatch_sync against queue B which runs on thread Y which recursively calls Fn dispatch_sync against queue A, which deadlocks both examples. This is bug-for-bug compatible with nontrivial pthread usage. In fact, nontrivial reentrancy is impossible to support in recursive locks once the ultimate level of reentrancy is deployed (IPC or RPC).

IMPLIED REFERENCES

Synchronous functions within the dispatch framework hold an implied reference on the target queue. In other words, the synchronous function borrows the reference of the calling function (this is valid because the calling function is blocked waiting for the result of the synchronous function, and therefore cannot modify the reference count of the target queue until after the synchronous function has returned). For example:

queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.example.queue", NULL);
assert(queue);
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
        do_something();
        //dispatch_release(queue); // NOT SAFE -- dispatch_sync() is still using 'queue'
});
dispatch_release(queue); // SAFELY balanced outside of the block provided to dispatch_sync()

This is in contrast to asynchronous functions which must retain both the block and target queue for the duration of the asynchronous operation (as the calling function may immediately release its interest in these objects).

FUNDAMENTALS

Conceptually, Fn dispatch_sync is a convenient wrapper around Fn dispatch_async with the addition of a semaphore to wait for completion of the block, and a wrapper around the block to signal its completion. See dispatch_semaphore_create3 for more information about dispatch semaphores. The actual implementation of the Fn dispatch_sync function may be optimized and differ from the above description.

The Fn dispatch_async function is a wrapper around Fn dispatch_async_f . The application-defined Fa context parameter is passed to the Fa function when it is invoked on the target Fa queue .

The Fn dispatch_sync function is a wrapper around Fn dispatch_sync_f . The application-defined Fa context parameter is passed to the Fa function when it is invoked on the target Fa queue .