SYNOPSIS

grdmath [ -F ] [ -Ixinc[m|c][/yinc[m|c]] -Rwest/east/south/north -V] operand [ operand ] OPERATOR [ operand ] OPERATOR ... = outgrdfile

DESCRIPTION

grdmath will perform operations like add, subtract, multiply, and divide on one or more grd files or constants using Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) syntax (e.g., Hewlett-Packard calculator-style). Arbitrarily complicated expressions may therefore be evaluated; the final result is written to an output grd file. When two grd files are on the stack, each element in file A is modified by the corresponding element in file B. However, some operators only require one operand (see below). If no grdfiles are used in the expression then options -R, -I must be set (and optionally -F).

operand

If operand can be opened as a file it will be read as a grd file. If not a file, it is interpreted as a numerical constant or a special symbol (see below).

outgrdfile is a 2-D grd file that will hold the final result.

OPERATORS

Choose among the following operators:
Operator n_args Returns

ABS 1 abs (A).
ACOS 1 acos (A).
ACOSH 1 acosh (A).
ADD(+) 2 A + B.
AND 2 NaN if A and B == NaN, B if A == NaN, else A.
ASIN 1 asin (A).
ASINH 1 asinh (A).
ATAN 1 atan (A).
ATAN2 2 atan2 (A, B).
ATANH 1 atanh (A).
BEI 1 bei (A).
BER 1 ber (A).
CDIST 2 Cartesian distance between grid nodes and stack x,y.
CEIL 1 ceil (A) (smallest integer >= A).
CHIDIST 2 Chi-squared-distribution P(chi2,nu), with chi2 = A and nu = B.
COS 1 cos (A) (A in radians).
COSD 1 cos (A) (A in degrees).
COSH 1 cosh (A).
CURV 1 Curvature of A (Laplacian).
D2DX2 1 d^2(A)/dx^2 2nd derivative.
D2DY2 1 d^2(A)/dy^2 2nd derivative.
D2R 1 Converts Degrees to Radians.
DDX 1 d(A)/dx 1st derivative.
DDY 1 d(A)/dy 1st derivative.
DILOG 1 Dilog (A).
DIV(/) 2 A / B.
DUP 1 Places duplicate of A on the stack.
ERF 1 Error function of A.
ERFC 1 Complementory Error function of A.
ERFINV 1 Inverse error function of A.
EQ 2 1 if A == B, else 0.
EXCH 2 Exchanges A and B on the stack.
EXP 1 exp (A).
EXTREMA 1 Local Extrema: +2/-2 is max/min, +1/-1 is saddle with max/min in x, 0 elsewhere.
FDIST 4 F-dist Q(var1,var2,nu1,nu2), with var1 = A, var2 = B, nu1 = C, and nu2 = D.
FLOOR 1 floor (A) (greatest integer <= A).
FMOD 2 A % B (remainder).
GDIST 2 Great distance (in degrees) between grid nodes and stack lon,lat.
GE 2 1 if A >= B, else 0.
GT 2 1 if A > B, else 0.
HYPOT 2 hypot (A, B).
I0 1 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 0).
I1 1 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 1).
IN 2 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order B).
INV 1 1 / A.
ISNAN 1 1 if A == NaN, else 0.
J0 1 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 0).
J1 1 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 1).
JN 2 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order B).
K0 1 Modified Kelvin function of A (2nd kind, order 0).
K1 1 Modified Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 1).
KN 2 Modified Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order B).
KEI 1 kei (A).
KER 1 ker (A).
LE 2 1 if A <= B, else 0.
LMSSCL 1 LMS scale estimate (LMS STD) of A.
LOG 1 log (A) (natural log).
LOG10 1 log10 (A).
LOG1P 1 log (1+A) (accurate for small A).
LOWER 1 The lowest (minimum) value of A.
LT 2 1 if A < B, else 0.
MAD 1 Median Absolute Deviation (L1 STD) of A.
MAX 2 Maximum of A and B.
MEAN 1 Mean value of A.
MED 1 Median value of A.
MIN 2 Minimum of A and B.
MODE 1 Mode value (LMS) of A.
MUL(x) 2 A * B.
NAN 2 NaN if A == B, else A.
NEG 1 -A.
NRAND 2 Normal, random values with mean A and std. deviation B.
OR 2 NaN if A or B == NaN, else A.
PLM 3 Associated Legendre polynomial P(-1<A<+1) degree B order C.
POP 1 Delete top element from the stack.
POW(^) 2 A ^ B.
R2 2 R2 = A^2 + B^2.
R2D 1 Convert Radians to Degrees.
RAND 2 Uniform random values between A and B.
RINT 1 rint (A) (nearest integer).
SIGN 1 sign (+1 or -1) of A.
SIN 1 sin (A) (A in radians).
SIND 1 sin (A) (A in degrees).
SINH 1 sinh (A).
SQRT 1 sqrt (A).
STD 1 Standard deviation of A.
STEP 1 Heaviside step function: H(A).
STEPX 1 Heaviside step function in x: H(x-A).
STEPY 1 Heaviside step function in y: H(y-A).
SUB(-) 2 A - B.
TAN 1 tan (A) (A in radians).
TAND 1 tan (A) (A in degrees).
TANH 1 tanh (A).
TDIST 2 Student's t-distribution A(t,nu) = 1 - 2p, with t = A, and nu = B.'
UPPER 1 The highest (maximum) value of A.
XOR 2 B if A == NaN, else A.
Y0 1 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 0).
Y1 1 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 1).
YLM 2 Re and Im normalized surface harmonics (degree A, order B).
YN 2 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order B).

SYMBOLS

The following symbols have special meaning:

PI 3.1415926...
E 2.7182818...
X Grid with x-coordinates
Y Grid with y-coordinates

OPTIONS

-I

x_inc [and optionally y_inc] is the grid spacing. Append m to indicate minutes or c to indicate seconds.

-R

west, east, south, and north specify the Region of interest. To specify boundaries in degrees and minutes [and seconds], use the dd:mm[:ss] format. Append r if lower left and upper right map coordinates are given instead of wesn.

-F

Select pixel registration (used with -R, -I). [Default is grid registration].

-V

Selects verbose mode, which will send progress reports to stderr [Default runs "silently"].

BEWARE

The operator GDIST calculates spherical distances bewteen the (lon, lat) point on the stack and all node positions in the grid. The grid domain and the (lon, lat) point are expected to be in degrees. The operator YLM calculates the fully normalized spherical harmonics for degree L and order M for all positions in the grid, which is assumed to be in degrees. YLM returns two grids, the Real (cosine) and Imaginary (sine) component of the complex spherical harmonic. Use the POP operator (and EXCH) to get rid of one of them. The operator PLM calculates the associated Legendre polynomial of degree L and order M, and its argument is the cosine of the colatitude which must satisfy -1 <= x <= +1. Unlike YLM, PLM is not normalized.
All the derivatives are based on central finite differences, with natural boundary conditions.

EXAMPLES

To take log10 of the average of 2 files, use

        grdmath file1.grd file2.grd ADD 0.5 MUL LOG10 = file3.grd

Given the file ages.grd, which holds seafloor ages in m.y., use the relation depth(in m) = 2500 + 350 * sqrt (age) to estimate normal seafloor depths:

        grdmath ages.grd SQRT 350 MUL 2500 ADD = depths.grd

To find the angle a (in degrees) of the largest principal stress from the stress tensor given by the three files s_xx.grd s_yy.grd, and s_xy.grd from the relation tan (2*a) = 2 * s_xy / (s_xx - s_yy), try

        grdmath 2 s_xy.grd MUL s_xx.grd s_yy.grd SUB DIV ATAN2 2 DIV = direction.grd

To calculate the fully normalized spherical harmonic of degree 8 and order 4 on a 1 by 1 degree world map, using the real amplitude 0.4 and the imaginary amplitude 1.1, try

        grdmath -R0/360/-90/90 -I1 8 4 YML 1.1 MUL EXCH 0.4 MUL ADD = harm.grd

To extract the locations of local maxima that exceed 100 mGal in the file faa.grd, try

        grdmath faa.grd DUP EXTREMA 2 EQ MUL DUP 100 GT NAN MUL = z.grd

        grd2xyz z.grd -S > max.xyz

REFERENCES

Abramowitz, M., and I. A. Stegun, 1964, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Applied Mathematics Series, vol. 55, Dover, New York.
Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery, 1992, Numerical Recipes, 2nd edition, Cambridge Univ., New York.