INTRODUCTION
The IA-64 version of libunwind uses a platform-string of ia64 and, at least in theory, should be able to support all operating systems adhering to the processor-specific ABI defined for the Itanium Processor Family. This includes both little-endian Linux and big-endian HP-UX. Furthermore, to make it possible for a single library to unwind both 32- and 64-bit targets, the type unw_word_t is always defined to be 64 bits wide (independent of the natural word-size of the host). Having said that, the current implementation has been tested only with IA-64 Linux.
When targeting IA-64, the libunwind header file defines the macro UNW_TARGET_IA64 as 1 and the macro UNW_TARGET as ``ia64'' (without the quotation marks). The former makes it possible for platform-dependent unwind code to use conditional-compilation to select an appropriate implementation. The latter is useful for stringification purposes and to construct target-platform-specific symbols.
One special feature of IA-64 is the use of NaT bits to support speculative execution. Often, NaT bits are thought of as the ``65-th bit'' of a general register. However, to make everything fit into 64-bit wide unw_word_t values, libunwind treats the NaT-bits like separate boolean registers, whose 64-bit value is either TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (zero).
MACHINE-STATE
The machine-state (set of registers) that is accessible through libunwind depends on the type of stack frame that a cursor points to. For normal frames, all ``preserved'' (callee-saved) registers are accessible. For signal-trampoline frames, all registers (including ``scratch'' (caller-saved) registers) are accessible. Most applications do not have to worry a-priori about which registers are accessible when. In case of doubt, it is always safe to try to access a register (via unw_get_reg() or unw_get_fpreg()) and if the register isn't accessible, the call will fail with a return-value of -UNW_EBADREG.
As a special exception to the above general rule, scratch registers r15-r18 are always accessible, even in normal frames. This makes it possible to pass arguments, e.g., to exception handlers.
For a detailed description of the IA-64 register usage convention, please see the ``Itanium Software Conventions and Runtime Architecture Guide'', available at:
REGISTER NAMES
The IA-64-version of libunwind
defines three kinds of register
name macros: frame-register macros, normal register macros, and
convenience macros. Below, we describe each kind in turn:
FRAME-REGISTER MACROS
Frame-registers are special (pseudo) registers because they always
have a valid value, even though sometimes they do not get saved
explicitly (e.g., if a memory stack frame is 16 bytes in size, the
previous stack-pointer value can be calculated simply as
sp+16,
so there is no need to save the stack-pointer
explicitly). Moreover, the set of frame register values uniquely
identifies a stack frame. The IA-64 architecture defines two stacks
(a memory and a register stack). Including the instruction-pointer
(IP), this means there are three frame registers:
- UNW_IA64_IP:
-
``program counter'') of the current stack frame. Given this value,
the remaining machine-state corresponds to the register-values that
were present in the CPU when it was just about to execute the
instruction pointed to by UNW_IA64_IP.
Bits 0 and 1 of
this frame-register encode the slot number of the instruction.
Note:
Due to the way the call instruction works on IA-64,
the slot number is usually zero, but can be non-zero, e.g., in the
stack-frame of a signal-handler trampoline.
- UNW_IA64_SP:
-
value (SP).
- UNW_IA64_BSP:
-
pointer (BSP). Note:
the value in this register is equal
to the contents of register ar.bsp
at the time the
instruction at UNW_IA64_IP
was about to begin execution.
NORMAL REGISTER MACROS
The following normal register name macros are available:
- UNW_IA64_GR:
-
registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a
particular general register. For example, to access r4,
the index UNW_IA64_GR+4
should be used.
Registers r0
and r1
(gp)
are read-only,
and any attempt to write them will result in an error
(-UNW_EREADONLYREG).
Even though r1
is
read-only, libunwind
will automatically adjust its value if
the instruction-pointer (UNW_IA64_IP)
is modified. For
example, if UNW_IA64_IP
is set to a value inside a
function func(),
then reading
UNW_IA64_GR+1
will return the global-pointer
value for this function.
- UNW_IA64_NAT:
-
general (integer) registers. A non-zero value in these registers
corresponds to a set NaT-bit. Add an index in the range from 0..127
to get a particular NaT-bit register. For example, to access the
NaT bit of r4,
the index UNW_IA64_NAT+4
should be used.
- UNW_IA64_FR:
-
registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a
particular floating-point register. For example, to access
f2,
the index UNW_IA64_FR+2
should be
used. Registers f0
and f1
are read-only, and any
attempt to write to indices UNW_IA64_FR+0
or
UNW_IA64_FR+1
will result in an error
(-UNW_EREADONLYREG).
- UNW_IA64_AR:
-
registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a
particular application register. For example, to access
ar40,
the index UNW_IA64_AR+40
should be
used. The IA-64 architecture defines several application registers
as ``reserved for future use''. Attempting to access such registers results in an error (-UNW_EBADREG). - UNW_IA64_BR:
-
The base-index for branch registers. Add an index in the range from 0..7 to get a particular branch register. For example, to access b6, the index UNW_IA64_BR+6 should be used. - UNW_IA64_PR:
-
Contains the set of predicate registers. This 64-bit wide register contains registers p0 through p63 in the ``broad-side'' format. Just like with the ``move predicates'' instruction, the registers are mapped as if CFM.rrb.pr were set to 0. Thus, in general the value of predicate register pN with N>=16 can be found in bit 16 + ((N-16)+CFM.rrb.pr) % 48. - UNW_IA64_CFM:
-
Contains the current-frame-mask register.
CONVENIENCE MACROS
Convenience macros are simply aliases for certain frequently used registers:
- UNW_IA64_GP:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+1, the global-pointer register. - UNW_IA64_TP:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+13, the thread-pointer register. - UNW_IA64_AR_RSC:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+16, the register-stack configuration register. - UNW_IA64_AR_BSP:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+17. This register index accesses the value of register ar.bsp as of the time it was last saved explicitly. This is rarely what you want. Normally, you'll want to use UNW_IA64_BSP instead. - UNW_IA64_AR_BSPSTORE:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+18, the register-backing store write pointer. - UNW_IA64_AR_RNAT:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+19, the register-backing store NaT-collection register. - UNW_IA64_AR_CCV:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+32, the compare-and-swap value register. - UNW_IA64_AR_CSD:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+25, the compare-and-swap-data register (used by 16-byte atomic operations). - UNW_IA64_AR_UNAT:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+36, the user NaT-collection register. - UNW_IA64_AR_FPSR:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+40, the floating-point status (and control) register. - UNW_IA64_AR_PFS:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+64, the previous frame-state register. - UNW_IA64_AR_LC:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+65 the loop-count register. - UNW_IA64_AR_EC:
-
Alias for UNW_IA64_GR+66, the epilogue-count register.
THE UNWIND-CONTEXT TYPE
On IA-64, unw_context_t is simply an alias for ucontext_t (as defined by the Single UNIX Spec). This implies that it is possible to initialize a value of this type not just with unw_getcontext(), but also with getcontext(), for example. However, since this is an IA-64-specific extension to libunwind, portable code should not rely on this equivalence.