SYNOPSIS

mapproject infiles -Jparameters -Rwest/east/south/north[r] [ -C ] [ -Dc|i|m|p ] [ -F[k|m|n|i|c|p] ] [ -H[nrec] ] [ -I ] [ -M[flag] ] [ -S ] [ -V ] [ -: ] [ -bi[s][n] ] [ -bo[s][n] ]

DESCRIPTION

mapproject reads (longitude, latitude) positions from infiles [or standard input] and computes (x,y) coordinates using the specified map projection and scales. Optionally, it can read (x,y) positions and compute (longitude, latitude) values doing the inverse transformation. This can be used to transform linear (x,y) points obtained by digitizing a map of known projection to geographical coordinates. Additional data fields are permitted after the first 2 columns which must have (longitude,latitude) or (x,y). See option -: on how to read (latitude,longitude) files.

        No space between the option flag and the associated arguments. Use upper case for the option flags and lower case for modifiers.

infiles

Data file(s) to be transformed. If not given, standard input is read.

-J

Selects the map projection. The following character determines the projection. If the character is upper case then the argument(s) supplied as scale(s) is interpreted to be the map width (or axis lengths), else the scale argument(s) is the map scale (see its definition for each projection). UNIT is cm, inch, or m, depending on the MEASURE_UNIT setting in .gmtdefaults, but this can be overridden on the command line by appending c, i, or m to the scale/width values. Choose one of the following projections (The E or C after projection names stands for Equal-Area and Conformal, respectively):

CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS:

-Jclon0/lat0/scale or -JClon0/lat0/width (Cassini).

        Give projection center and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jjlon0/scale or -JJlon0/width (Miller Cylindrical Projection).

        Give the central meridian and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jmparameters (Mercator [C]). Specify one of:

        -Jmscale or -JMwidth

                Give scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

        -Jmlon0/lat0/scale or -JMlon0/lat0/width

                Give central meridian, standard latitude and scale along parallel (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Joparameters (Oblique Mercator [C]). Specify one of:

        -Joalon0/lat0/azimuth/scale or -JOalon0/lat0/azimuth/width

                Set projection center, azimuth of oblique equator, and scale.

        -Joblon0/lat0/lon1/lat1/scale or -JOblon0/lat0/lon1/lat1/scale

                Set projection center, another point on the oblique equator, and scale.

        -Joclon0/lat0/lonp/latp/scale or -JOclon0/lat0/lonp/latp/scale

                Set projection center, pole of oblique projection, and scale.

        Give scale along oblique equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jqlon0/scale or -JQlon0/width (Equidistant Cylindrical Projection (Plate Carree)).

        Give the central meridian and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jtparameters (Transverse Mercator [C]). Specify one of:

        -Jtlon0/scale or -JTlon0/width

                Give the central meridian and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

        -Jtlon0/lat0/scale or -JTlon0/lat0/width

                Give projection center and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Juzone/scale or -JUzone/width (UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator [C]).

        Give the zone number (1-60) and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

        zones: prepend - or + to enforce southern or northern hemisphere conventions [northern if south > 0].
-Jylon0/lats/scale or -JYlon0/lats/width (Basic Cylindrical Projections [E]).

        Give the central meridian, standard parallel, and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

        The standard parallel is typically one of these (but can be any value):

        45 - The Peters projection

        37.4 - The Trystan Edwards projection

        30 - The Behrman projection

        0 - The Lambert projection

AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS:

-Jalon0/lat0/scale or -JAlon0/lat0/width (Lambert [E]).

        lon0/lat0 specifies the projection center.

        Give scale as 1:xxxx or radius/lat, where radius is distance

        in UNIT from origin to the oblique latitude lat.
-Jelon0/lat0/scale or -JElon0/lat0/width (Equidistant).

        lon0/lat0 specifies the projection center.

        Give scale as 1:xxxx or radius/lat, where radius is distance

        in UNIT from origin to the oblique latitude lat.
-Jflon0/lat0/horizon/scale or -JFlon0/lat0/horizon/width (Gnomonic).

        lon0/lat0 specifies the projection center.

        horizon specifies the max distance from projection center (in degrees, < 90).

        Give scale as 1:xxxx or radius/lat, where radius is distance

        in UNIT from origin to the oblique latitude lat.
-Jglon0/lat0/scale or -JGlon0/lat0/width (Orthographic).

        lon0/lat0 specifies the projection center.

        Give scale as 1:xxxx or radius/lat, where radius is distance

        in UNIT from origin to the oblique latitude lat.
-Jslon0/lat0/scale or -JSlon0/lat0/width (General Stereographic [C]).

        lon0/lat0 specifies the projection center.

        Give scale as 1:xxxx (true at pole) or slat/1:xxxx (true at standard parallel slat)

        or radius/lat (radius in UNIT from origin to the oblique latitude lat).

CONIC PROJECTIONS:

-Jblon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale or -JBlon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width (Albers [E]).

        Give projection center, two standard parallels, and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jdlon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale or -JDlon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width (Equidistant)

        Give projection center, two standard parallels, and scale (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jllon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale or -JLlon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width (Lambert [C])

        Give origin, 2 standard parallels, and scale along these (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTIONS:

-Jhlon0/scale or -JHlon0/width (Hammer [E]).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jilon0/scale or -JIlon0/width (Sinusoidal [E]).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jk[f|s]lon0/scale or -JK[f|s]lon0/width (Eckert IV (f) and VI (s) [E]).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jnlon0/scale or -JNlon0/width (Robinson).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jrlon0/scale -JRlon0/width (Winkel Tripel).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jvlon0/scale or -JVlon0/width (Van der Grinten).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).
-Jwlon0/scale or -JWlon0/width (Mollweide [E]).

        Give the central meridian and scale along equator (1:xxxx or UNIT/degree).

NON-GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS:

-Jp[a]scale[/origin] or -JP[a]width[/origin] (Linear projection for polar (theta,r) coordinates, optionally insert a after -Jp [ or -JP] for azimuths CW from North instead of directions CCW from East [default], optionally append /origin in degrees to indicate an angular offset [0]).

        Give scale in UNIT/r-unit.
-Jxx-scale[/y-scale] or -JXwidth[/height]
scale [or width] can be any of the following 3 types:

        -Jxscale - Regular linear scaling.

        -Jxscalel - Take log10 of values before scaling.

        -Jxscaleppower - Raise values to power before scaling.
Give x-scale in UNIT/x-unit and y-scale in UNIT/y-unit. (y-scale = x-scale if not specified separately). Use negative scale(s) to reverse the direction of an axis (e.g., to have y be positive down).

Append a single d if data are geographical coordinates in degrees. Default axes lengths (see gmtdefaults) can be invoked using -JXh (for landscape); -JXv (for portrait) will swap the x- and y-axes lengths. The GMT default unit for this installation is UNIT. However, you may change this by editing your .gmtdefaults file(s) (run gmtdefaults to create one if you don't have it).'

        The ellipsoid used in the map projections is user-definable by editing the .gmtdefaults file in your home directory. 13 commonly used ellipsoids and a spheroid are currently supported, and users may also specify their own ellipsoid parameters (see man gmtdefaults for more details). GMT default is WGS-84. Several GMT parameters can affect the projection: ELLIPSOID, INTERPOLANT, MAP_SCALE_FACTOR, and MEASURE_UNIT; see the gmtdefaults man page for details.

-R

west, east, south, and north specify the Region of interest. To specify boundaries in degrees and minutes [and seconds], use the dd:mm[:ss] format. Append r if lower left and upper right map coordinates are given instead of wesn.

OPTIONS

infile(s)

input file(s) with 2 or more columns. If no file(s) is given, mapproject will read standard input.

-C

Set center of projected coordinates to be at map projection center [Default is lower left corner].

-D

Temporarily override MEASURE_UNIT and use c (cm), i (inch), m (meter), or p (points) instead. Cannot be used with -F.

-F

Force 1:1 scaling, i.e., output (or input, see -I) data are in actual projected meters. To specify other units, append k (km), m (mile),n (nautical mile), i (inch), c (cm), or p (points). Without -F, the output (or input, see -I) are in the units specified by MEASURE_UNIT (but see -D).

-H

Input file(s) has Header record(s). Number of header records can be changed by editing your .gmtdefaults file. If used, GMT default is 1 header record.

-I

Do the Inverse transformation, i.e. get (longitude,latitude) from (x,y) data.

-M

Multiple segment file(s). Segments are separated by a special record. For ASCII files the first character must be flag [Default is '>']. For binary files all fields must be NaN.

-S

Suppress points that fall outside the region.

-V

Selects verbose mode, which will send progress reports to stderr [Default runs "silently"].

-:

Toggles between (longitude,latitude) and (latitude,longitude) input/output. [Default is (longitude,latitude)]. Applies to geographic coordinates only.

-bi

Selects binary input. Append s for single precision [Default is double]. Append n for the number of columns in the binary file(s). [Default is 2 input columns]

-bo

Selects binary output. Append s for single precision [Default is double].

EXAMPLES

To transform a file with (longitude,latitude) into (x,y) positions in cm on a Mercator grid for a given scale of 0.5 cm per degree, run

mapproject lonlatfile -R20/50/12/25 -Jm0.5c > xyfile

To transform several 2-column, binary, double precision files with (latitude,longitude) into (x,y) positions in inch on a Transverse Mercator grid (central longitude 75W) for scale = 1:500000 and suppress those points that would fall outside the map area, run

mapproject tracks.* -R-80/-70/20/40 -Jt-75/1:500000 -: -S -Di -bo -bi2 > tmfile.b

RESTRICTIONS

The rectangular input region set with -R will in general be mapped into a non-rectangular grid. Unless -C is set, the leftmost point on this grid has xvalue = 0.0, and the lowermost point will have yvalue = 0.0. Thus, before you digitize a map, run the extreme map coordinates through mapproject using the appropriate scale and see what (x,y) values they are mapped onto. Use these values when setting up for digitizing in order to have the inverse transformation work correctly, or alternatively, use awk to scale and shift the (x,y) values before transforming.

ELLIPSOIDS AND SPHEROIDS

GMT will use ellipsoidal formulae if they are implemented and the user have selected an ellipsoid as the reference shape (see gmtdefaults). The user needs to be aware of a few potential pitfalls: (1) For some projections, such as Transverse Mercator, Albers, and Lamberts conformal conic we use the ellipsoidal expressions when the areas mapped are small, and switch to the spherical expressions (and substituting the appropriate auxillary latitudes) for larger maps. The ellipsoidal formulae are used are follows: (a) Transverse Mercator: When all points are within 10 degrees of central meridian, (b) Conic projections when longitudinal range is less than 90 degrees, (c) Cassini projection when all points are within 4 degrees of central meridian. (2) When you are trying to match some historical data (e.g., coordinates obtained with a certain projection and a certain reference ellipsoid) you may find that GMT gives results that are slightly different. One likely source of this mismatch is that older calculations often used less significant digits. For instance, Snyder's examples often use the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid (defined by him as' having a flattening f = 1/294.98). From f we get the eccentricity squared to be 0.00676862818 (this is what GMT uses), while Snyder rounds off and uses 0.00676866. This difference can give discrepancies of several 10 of cm. If you need to reproduce coordinates projected with this slightly different eccentricity, you should specify your own ellipsoid with the same parameters as Clarke 1866, but with f = 1/294.97861076.

REFERENCES

Snyder, J. P., 1987, Map Projections - A Working Manual, U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1395.