SYNOPSIS

In sys/types.h In sys/sysctl.h Fn SYSCTL_DECL name Fn SYSCTL_INT parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_LONG parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_NODE parent nbr name access handler descr Fn SYSCTL_OPAQUE parent nbr name access ptr len fmt descr Fn SYSCTL_PROC parent nbr name access ptr arg handler fmt descr Fn SYSCTL_STRING parent nbr name access arg len descr Fn SYSCTL_STRUCT parent nbr name access ptr type descr Fn SYSCTL_UINT parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_ULONG parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_XINT parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_XLONG parent nbr name access ptr val descr Fn SYSCTL_QUAD parent nbr name access ptr val descr

DESCRIPTION

The SYSCTL kernel interfaces allow code to statically declare sysctl(8) MIB entries, which will be initialized when the kernel module containing the declaration is initialized. When the module is unloaded, the sysctl will be automatically destroyed.

Sysctl nodes are created in a hierarchical tree, with all static nodes being represented by named C data structures; in order to create a new node under an existing node in the tree, the structure representing the desired parent node must be declared in the current context using Fn SYSCTL_DECL .

New nodes are declared using one of Fn SYSCTL_INT , Fn SYSCTL_LONG , Fn SYSCTL_NODE , Fn SYSCTL_OPAQUE , Fn SYSCTL_PROC , Fn SYSCTL_STRING , Fn SYSCTL_STRUCT , Fn SYSCTL_UINT , Fn SYSCTL_ULONG , Fn SYSCTL_XINT , Fn SYSCTL_XLONG , and Fn SYSCTL_QUAD . Each macro accepts a parent name, as declared using Fn SYSCTL_DECL , an OID number, typically OID_AUTO a node name, a set of control and access flags, and a description. Depending on the macro, a pointer to a variable supporting the MIB entry, a size, a value, and a function pointer implementing the MIB entry may also be present.

For most of the above macros, declaring a type as part of the access flags is not necessary --- however, when declaring a sysctl implemented by a function, including a type in the access mask is required:

CTLTYPE_NODE

This is a node intended to be a parent for other nodes.

CTLTYPE_INT

This is a signed integer.

CTLTYPE_STRING

This is a nul-terminated string stored in a character array.

CTLTYPE_QUAD

This is a 64-bit signed integer.

CTLTYPE_OPAQUE

This is an opaque data structure.

CTLTYPE_STRUCT

Alias for CTLTYPE_OPAQUE.

CTLTYPE_UINT

This is an unsigned integer.

CTLTYPE_LONG

This is a signed long.

CTLTYPE_ULONG

This is an unsigned long.

All sysctl types except for new node declarations require one or more flags to be set indicating the read and write disposition of the sysctl:

CTLFLAG_RD

This is a read-only sysctl.

CTLFLAG_WR

This is a writable sysctl.

CTLFLAG_RW

This sysctl is readable and writable.

CTLFLAG_ANYBODY

Any user or process can write to this sysctl.

CTLFLAG_SECURE

This sysctl can be written to only if the effective securelevel of the process is ≤ 0.

CTLFLAG_PRISON

This sysctl can be written to by processes in jail(2).

CTLFLAG_SKIP

When iterating the sysctl name space, do not list this sysctl.

CTLFLAG_TUN

Also declare a system tunable with the same name to initialize this variable.

CTLFLAG_RDTUN

Also declare a system tunable with the same name to initialize this variable; however, the run-time variable is read-only.

When creating new sysctls, careful attention should be paid to the security implications of the monitoring or management interface being created. Most sysctls present in the kernel are read-only or writable only by the superuser. Sysctls exporting extensive information on system data structures and operation, especially those implemented using procedures, will wish to implement access control to limit the undesired exposure of information about other processes, network connections, etc.

The following top level sysctl name spaces are commonly used:

compat

Compatibility layer information.

debug

Debugging information. Various name spaces exist under debug

hw

Hardware and device driver information.

kern

Kernel behavior tuning; generally deprecated in favor of more specific name spaces.

machdep

Machine-dependent configuration parameters.

net

Network subsystem. Various protocols have name spaces under net

regression

Regression test configuration and information.

security

Security and security-policy configuration and information.

sysctl

Reserved name space for the implementation of sysctl.

user

Configuration settings relating to user application behavior. Generally, configuring applications using kernel sysctls is discouraged.

vfs

Virtual file system configuration and information.

vm

Virtual memory subsystem configuration and information.

EXAMPLES

Sample use of Fn SYSCTL_DECL to declare the security sysctl tree for use by new nodes:

SYSCTL_DECL(_security);

Examples of integer, opaque, string, and procedure sysctls follow:

/*
 * Example of a constant integer value.  Notice that the control
 * flags are CTLFLAG_RD, the variable pointer is NULL, and the
 * value is declared.
 * If sysctl(8) should print this value in hex, use 'SYSCTL_XINT'.
 */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug_sizeof, OID_AUTO, bio, CTLFLAG_RD, NULL,
    sizeof(struct bio), "sizeof(struct bio)");
/*
 * Example of a variable integer value.  Notice that the control
 * flags are CTLFLAG_RW, the variable pointer is set, and the
 * value is 0.
 */
static int      doingcache = 1;         /* 1 => enable the cache */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vfscache, CTLFLAG_RW, &doingcache, 0,
    "Enable name cache");
/*
 * Example of a variable string value.  Notice that the control
 * flags are CTLFLAG_RW, that the variable pointer and string
 * size are set.  Unlike newer sysctls, this older sysctl uses a
 * static oid number.
 */
char kernelname[MAXPATHLEN] = "/kernel";        /* XXX bloat */
SYSCTL_STRING(_kern, KERN_BOOTFILE, bootfile, CTLFLAG_RW,
    kernelname, sizeof(kernelname), "Name of kernel file booted");
/*
 * Example of an opaque data type exported by sysctl.  Notice that
 * the variable pointer and size are provided, as well as a format
 * string for sysctl(8).
 */
static l_fp pps_freq;   /* scaled frequence offset (ns/s) */
SYSCTL_OPAQUE(_kern_ntp_pll, OID_AUTO, pps_freq, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &pps_freq, sizeof(pps_freq), "I", "");
/*
 * Example of a procedure based sysctl exporting string
 * information.  Notice that the data type is declared, the NULL
 * variable pointer and 0 size, the function pointer, and the
 * format string for sysctl(8).
 */
SYSCTL_PROC(_kern_timecounter, OID_AUTO, hardware, CTLTYPE_STRING |
    CTLFLAG_RW, NULL, 0, sysctl_kern_timecounter_hardware, "A",
    "");

SYSCTL NAMING

When adding, modifying, or removing sysctl names, it is important to be aware that these interfaces may be used by users, libraries, applications, or documentation (such as published books), and are implicitly published application interfaces. As with other application interfaces, caution must be taken not to break existing applications, and to think about future use of new name spaces so as to avoid the need to rename or remove interfaces that might be depended on in the future.

The semantics chosen for a new sysctl should be as clear as possible, and the name of the sysctl must closely reflect its semantics. Therefore the sysctl name deserves a fair amount of consideration. It should be short but yet representative of the sysctl meaning. If the name consists of several words, they should be separated by underscore characters, as in compute_summary_at_mount Underscore characters may be omitted only if the name consists of not more than two words, each being not longer than four characters, as in bootfile For boolean sysctls, negative logic should be totally avoided. That is, do not use names like no_foobar or foobar_disable They are confusing and lead to configuration errors. Use positive logic instead: foobar foobar_enable

A temporary sysctl node that should not be relied upon must be designated as such by a leading underscore character in its name. For example: _dirty_hack

HISTORY

The sysctl(8) utility first appeared in BSD 4.4

AUTHORS

An -nosplit The sysctl implementation originally found in BSD has been extensively rewritten by An Poul-Henning Kamp in order to add support for name lookups, name space iteration, and dynamic addition of MIB nodes.

This man page was written by An Robert N. M. Watson .