SYNOPSIS

#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>

int timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *restrict evp,
       timer_t *restrict timerid);

DESCRIPTION

The timer_create() function shall create a per-process timer using the specified clock, clock_id, as the timing base. The timer_create() function shall return, in the location referenced by timerid, a timer ID of type timer_t used to identify the timer in timer requests. This timer ID shall be unique within the calling process until the timer is deleted. The particular clock, clock_id, is defined in <time.h>. The timer whose ID is returned shall be in a disarmed state upon return from timer_create().

The evp argument, if non-NULL, points to a sigevent structure. This structure, allocated by the application, defines the asynchronous notification to occur as specified in Signal Generation and Delivery when the timer expires. If the evp argument is NULL, the effect is as if the evp argument pointed to a sigevent structure with the sigev_notify member having the value SIGEV_SIGNAL, the sigev_signo having a default signal number, and the sigev_value member having the value of the timer ID.

Each implementation shall define a set of clocks that can be used as timing bases for per-process timers. All implementations shall support a clock_id of CLOCK_REALTIME.  If the Monotonic Clock option is supported, implementations shall support a clock_id of CLOCK_MONOTONIC.

Per-process timers shall not be inherited by a child process across a fork() and shall be disarmed and deleted by an exec.

If _POSIX_CPUTIME is defined, implementations shall support clock_id values representing the CPU-time clock of the calling process.

If _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME is defined, implementations shall support clock_id values representing the CPU-time clock of the calling thread.

It is implementation-defined whether a timer_create() function will succeed if the value defined by clock_id corresponds to the CPU-time clock of a process or thread different from the process or thread invoking the function.

RETURN VALUE

If the call succeeds, timer_create() shall return zero and update the location referenced by timerid to a timer_t, which can be passed to the per-process timer calls. If an error occurs, the function shall return a value of -1 and set errno to indicate the error. The value of timerid is undefined if an error occurs.

EXAMPLES

None.

APPLICATION USAGE

None.

RATIONALE

Periodic Timer Overrun and Resource Allocation

The specified timer facilities may deliver realtime signals (that is, queued signals) on implementations that support this option. Since realtime applications cannot afford to lose notifications of asynchronous events, like timer expirations or asynchronous I/O completions, it must be possible to ensure that sufficient resources exist to deliver the signal when the event occurs. In general, this is not a difficulty because there is a one-to-one correspondence between a request and a subsequent signal generation. If the request cannot allocate the signal delivery resources, it can fail the call with an [EAGAIN] error.

Periodic timers are a special case. A single request can generate an unspecified number of signals. This is not a problem if the requesting process can service the signals as fast as they are generated, thus making the signal delivery resources available for delivery of subsequent periodic timer expiration signals. But, in general, this cannot be assured-processing of periodic timer signals may "overrun''; that is, subsequent periodic timer expirations may occur before the currently pending signal has been delivered.

Also, for signals, according to the POSIX.1-1990 standard, if subsequent occurrences of a pending signal are generated, it is implementation-defined whether a signal is delivered for each occurrence. This is not adequate for some realtime applications. So a mechanism is required to allow applications to detect how many timer expirations were delayed without requiring an indefinite amount of system resources to store the delayed expirations.

The specified facilities provide for an overrun count. The overrun count is defined as the number of extra timer expirations that occurred between the time a timer expiration signal is generated and the time the signal is delivered. The signal-catching function, if it is concerned with overruns, can retrieve this count on entry. With this method, a periodic timer only needs one "signal queuing resource" that can be allocated at the time of the timer_create() function call.

A function is defined to retrieve the overrun count so that an application need not allocate static storage to contain the count, and an implementation need not update this storage asynchronously on timer expirations. But, for some high-frequency periodic applications, the overhead of an additional system call on each timer expiration may be prohibitive. The functions, as defined, permit an implementation to maintain the overrun count in user space, associated with the timerid. The timer_getoverrun() function can then be implemented as a macro that uses the timerid argument (which may just be a pointer to a user space structure containing the counter) to locate the overrun count with no system call overhead. Other implementations, less concerned with this class of applications, can avoid the asynchronous update of user space by maintaining the count in a system structure at the cost of the extra system call to obtain it.

Timer Expiration Signal Parameters

The Realtime Signals Extension option supports an application-specific datum that is delivered to the extended signal handler. This value is explicitly specified by the application, along with the signal number to be delivered, in a sigevent structure. The type of the application-defined value can be either an integer constant or a pointer. This explicit specification of the value, as opposed to always sending the timer ID, was selected based on existing practice.

It is common practice for realtime applications (on non-POSIX systems or realtime extended POSIX systems) to use the parameters of event handlers as the case label of a switch statement or as a pointer to an application-defined data structure. Since timer_ids are dynamically allocated by the timer_create() function, they can be used for neither of these functions without additional application overhead in the signal handler; for example, to search an array of saved timer IDs to associate the ID with a constant or application data structure.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

COPYRIGHT

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .