DESCRIPTION
This tutorial gives you a step-by-step introduction to the features of WML, separated into tiny lessons. Each lesson shows one particular aspect or feature of WML. The order of lessons go from easy and trivial to hard and complex.IMPLICIT MARKUP PROCESSING
LESSON: Plain Data Throughput
In this lesson we first learn that WML is 95% of the time transparent to its input, i.e. we can pass through any data without corruption.Input:
1| foo 2| <bar> 3| quux
Output:
1| foo 2| <bar> 3| quux
This is because per default there are neither definitions for symbols "foo" or "quux" nor a defined HTML tag named "<bar>". And because there are no unnecessary whitespaces in this example, the input cannot be stripped in any case.
LESSON: Protected Markup Code
Sometimes situations can occur where some of your markup code or page contents conflicts with WML due to overlapping tagnames, etc. Here WML interprets some stuff you actually don't want to be interpreted.Input:
1| foo: foo.c 2| $(CC) -o foo foo.c
Output:
1| foo: foo.c 2| -o foo foo.c
Here the `"$(CC)"' was expanded to an empty string because IPP uses the same syntax for variable interpolation like make. To avoid this just surround the critical part with the WML-internal "<protect>" container tag.
Input:
1| foo: foo.c 2| <protect>$(CC)</protect> -o foo foo.c
Output:
1| foo: foo.c 2| $(CC) -o foo foo.c
LESSON: Stripped-Down Markup Code
Now let's try an example which has unnecessary whitespaces. Be careful, `unnecessary' here means they can be stripped as long as the resulting Webpage displays the same in a Webbrowser as the original.Input:
1| <body> 2| 3| <img src = "file.gif" alt=" test " > 4| <pre> 5| 6| Preformatted Text 7| </pre> 8| Not Preformatted Text 9| </body>
Output:
1| <body> 2| <img src="file.gif" alt=" test "> 4| <pre> 5| 6| Preformatted Text 7| </pre> 8| Not Preformatted Text 9| </body>
Here we see that line 2 is completely removed because empty lines have no effect in HTML. The whitespaces between the attribute "src" and its value are removed, too. And all double whitespaces are replaced by a single whitespace character. But not inside preformatted areas.
LESSON: Fixed And Adjusted Markup Code
Now assume that we have an image.gif file containing a GIF image with a size of 500x400 pixels and the following input page:
1| <body> 2| <center> 3| <font color=336699>Headline:</font><br> 4| <img src="image.gif"> 5| </center> 6| </body>
Although this is valid HTML code, WML can enhance it to make it more portable, speed up it rendering in the Webbrowser and make Lynx users more happy. So WML recognizes the "<img>" tag and automatically adds missing information and replaces obsolete tags with up-to-date variants:
1| <body> 2| <div align=center> 3| <font color="#336699">Headline:</font><br> 4| <img src="image.gif" alt="" width="500" height="400"> 5| </div> 6| </body>
As you can see, WML first replaced the proprietary "<center>" tag with the HTML 3.2 pedant "<div align=center>", second it fixed the "color" attribute of "<font>". And third it added missing "alt" and "width"/"height" attributes.
STRUCTURING THE MARKUP CODE
LESSON: Using Include Files
One of the most useful features of WML is the ability to move commonly used stuff into include files which can be selectively read in at later steps.Assume we have an include file bar.wml...
1| bar 2| The value of bar is: $(bar:-unknown)
...and the following input file:
1| foo 3| #include 'bar.wml' bar="FooBar" 2| #include 'bar.wml' 5| quux
Then the output is:
1| foo 2| bar 3| The value of bar is: Foobar 4| bar 5| The value of bar is: unknown 6| quux
As you can see, the "#include" directive is replaced by the contents of the corresponding file. And this included contents can contain variables which are interpolated when they are defined, inclusive default values.
There is also a way to create simple constructs similar to an if-then-else just by using variable interpolation:
1| The value of bar is $(bar:+set)$(bar:*unset).
Here the `"$(bar:+set)$(bar:*unset)"' construct emulates the following semantics:
if (isdefined(bar))
expandto("set")
if (not isdefined(bar))
expandto("unset")
LESSON: Concatenating Lines
Although HTML usually does not care about whitespaces and newlines, sometimes it is very frustrating to create preformatted areas or write own tags (see later) without the ability to spread the code over more than one line while it should be actually one single line. For this a lot of languages use a line concatenation/continuation character `"\"', as does WML.Input:
1| foo\ 2| bar \ 3| quux
Output:
1| foobar quux
The line concatenation strips whitespaces from the begin of concatenated lines but preserves whitespaces at the end of them, i.e. you can use leading whitespaces for structuring your input nicely but still use appended whitespaces for real ones.
LESSON: Diverting To Locations
One of the most powerful features of WML is the ability to divert data at any point to locations defined at any other point.Input:
1| {#BAR#:this is:##}
2| foo
3| {#BAR#}
4| quux
5| {#BAR#: bar:##}
6| foobar
7| {#BAR#}
Output:
1| foo 2| this is bar 3| quux 4| foobar 5| this is bar
Here in line 3 the location "BAR" is already dumped, but filled at lines 1 and 5. And as you can see a location can be dumped at any point and even more than once. And you can accumulate the contents for a location by subsequent fills (line 1 and 5). This works because in WML first all locations are filled in a first pass and then dumped in a second pass.
With the use of the high-level tags from wml::std::tags we also could write the example above in a little bit more human readable way:
1| #use wml::std::tags 2| <divert BAR>this is</divert> 3| foo 4| <dump BAR> 5| quux 6| <divert BAR> bar</divert> 7| foobar 8| <dump BAR>
LESSON: Defining Output Slices
Often one needs more than one output file. Usually although 90% of the contents is the same, one needs a way to select the remaining 10%. WML's approach here is to write these 10% directly in the input file but separate the variants by defining slices which later can be used to create the different output files.
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| <title>[EN:Titleline:][DE:Titelzeile:]</title> 4| </head> 5| <body> 6| <h1>[EN:Headerline:][DE:Ueberschrift:]</h1> 7| </body> 8| </html>
Now assume the above page is in file index.wml, then the command
$ wml -o UNDEF+EN:index.html.en \
-o UNDEF+DE:index.html.de index.wml
generates the output file "index.html.en" containing the union of all undefined areas and the slices `"EN"'...
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| <title>Titleline</title> 4| </head> 5| <body> 6| <h1>Headerline</h1> 7| </body> 8| </html>
...and the output file "index.html.de" containing the union of all undefined areas and the slices `"DE"':
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| <title>Titelzeile</title> 4| </head> 5| <body> 6| <h1>Ueberschrift</h1> 7| </body> 8| </html>
FORMATTING
LESSON: Area Substitution
WML provides an area substitution feature which works by specifying the begin and end of the area and inserting some Perl substitution and translation commands.Input:
1| foo
2| {: [[s/foo/bar/g]] [[s/quux/foobar/g]] [[tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/]]
3| this is foo and quux.
4| :}
5| quux
Output:
1| foo 2| THIS IS BAR AND FOOBAR. 3| quux
Because this seems useless, we go further and show an example of the "<isolatin>" and "<url>" container tags from wml::fmt::isolatin and wml::fmt::url which are programmed this way.
Input:
1| #use wml::fmt::isolatin 2| #use wml::fmt::url 3| <isolatin><url> 4| Some umlauts `o.a.u.O.A.β' and 5| a hyperlink http://foo.bar.com/ 6| </url></isolatin>
Output:
1| Some umlauts `öäüÖÄß' and 2| a hyperlink <a href="http://foo.bar.com/">http://foo.bar.com/</a>
LESSON: Text Formatting
HTML sucks when it comes to write more than one paragraph of text. So WML provides nice ways to format an area of input via other (externally available) markup language processors. Here is an example which used two embedded areas, the first one is written in Plain Old Document (POD) format, second one is written in Simple Document Format (SDF).Input:
1| #use wml::fmt::pod 2| #use wml::fmt::sdf 3| <html> 4| <pod notypo> 5| =head1 Headline1 6| 7| Foo 8| 9| =head2 Headline1.1 10| 11| Bar 12| </pod> 13| 14| <sdf notypo> 15| H1: Headline1 16| 17| Foo 18| 19| H2: Headline 1.1 20| 21| Bar 22| * Baz 23| - Foobar 24| - Quux 25| * Foo 26| </sdf> 27| </html>
Output:
1| <html> 2| <P> 3| <H1><A NAME="Headline1">Headline1 4| </A></H1> 5| Foo 6| <P> 7| <H2><A NAME="Headline1_1">Headline1.1 8| </A></H2> 9| Bar 10| <P> 11| <H1><A NAME="Headline1">1. Headline1</A></H1> 12| <P>Foo</P> 13| <H2><A NAME="Headline 1.1">1.1. Headline 1.1</A></H2> 14| <P>Bar</P> 15| <UL> 16| <LI>Baz<UL> 17| <LI>Foobar 18| <LI>Quux</UL> 19| <LI>Foo</UL> 20| </html>
LESSON: Table Formatting
Another point where the HTML markup code is unproductive and ugly is when it comes to write some "<table>" structures. Here WML provides two new container tags which make your live easier:- <grid>
-
The goal of this container tag is to provide a way to specify tables the same
way you have it in your mind, i.e. as a 2-dimensional grid. So, a grid is
created by specifying a grid-layout and then fill its cells. Additionally the
"<grid>" container tag provides a nice feature for specifying the cell
alignments.
Input:
1| #use wml::std::grid 2| <grid layout=2x3 align=lr valign=tbb border=1> 3| <cell>Header 1</cell> <cell>Header 2</cell> 4| <cell>Cell-A</cell> <cell>Cell-B</cell> 5| <cell>Cell-C</cell> <cell>Cell-D</cell> 6| </grid>
Output:
1| <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 2| <tr> 3| <td align=left valign=top>Header 1</td> 4| <td align=right valign=top>Header 2</td> 5| </tr> 6| <tr> 7| <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-A</td> 8| <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-B</td> 9| </tr> 10| <tr> 11| <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-C</td> 12| <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-D</td> 13| </tr> 14| </table>
- <xtable>
-
This is the extended "<table>" container tag which syntax is provided
by the external freetable program. Its goal is to provide a compact
syntax for specifying a table. Again the same example:
Input:
1| #use wml::fmt::xtable 2| <xtable border=1> 3| (*, 1) align=left 4| (*, 2) align=right 5| (1, *) valign=top 6| (2|3, *) valign=bottom 7| (1,1) 8| Header 1 9| (1,2) 10| Header 2 11| (2,1) 12| Cell-A 13| (2,2) 14| Cell-B 15| (3,1) 16| Cell-C 17| (3,2) 18| Cell-D 19| </xtable>
Output:
1| <table border="1"> 2| <tr valign=top> 3| <td align=left>Header 1</td> 4| <td align=right>Header 2</td> 5| </tr> 6| <tr> 7| <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-A</td> 8| <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-B</td> 9| </tr> 10| <tr> 11| <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-C</td> 12| <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-D</td> 13| </tr> 14| </table>
DEFINITION OF OWN HTML TAGS
LESSON: Simple Tags And Container Tags
Now it is time to enhance our markup language by defining new custom HTML tags. There are two types of HTML tags:- Simple Tags
-
As an example let us define a "<me>" tag which expands to my name
abbreviation.
Input:
1| <define-tag me whitespace=delete> 2| [email protected] 3| </define-tag> 4| 5| This is <me>.
Output:
1| This is [email protected].
- Container Tags
-
As an example let us define a "<red>" tag which changes its body text
color to red.
Input:
1| <define-tag red endtag=required whitespace=delete> 2| <font color="#cc3333">%body</font> 3| </define-tag> 4| 5| This is <red>very important</red>.
Output:
1| This is <font color="#cc3333">very important</font>.
LESSON: Tags With Attributes
Because tags without attributes are not very flexible there is also a way to define tags which can use these.Input:
1| <define-tag me whitespace=delete> 2| <if "%0" "" "[email protected]"> 3| <ifeq "%0" "engelschall" "[email protected]"> 4| <ifeq "%0" "netsw" "[email protected]"> 5| <ifeq "%0" "apache" "[email protected]"> 6| <ifeq "%0" "freebsd" "[email protected]"> 7| <ifeq "%0" "sdm" "[email protected]"> 8| </define-tag> 9| 10| This is <me> and <me apache>.
Output:
1| This is [email protected] and [email protected].
There is also a variant to use attributes of type "name=value":
Input:
2| <define-tag me whitespace=delete> 3| <preserve at> 4| <set-var %attributes> 5| <if "<get-var at>" "" "[email protected]"> 6| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "engelschall" "[email protected]"> 7| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "netsw" "[email protected]"> 8| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "apache" "[email protected]"> 9| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "freebsd" "[email protected]"> 10| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "sdm" "[email protected]"> 11| <restore at> 12| </define-tag> 13| 14| This is <me> and <me at=apache>.
Output:
1| This is [email protected] and [email protected].
LESSON: Overwriting Existing HTML Tags
WML also provides a way to overwrite existing HTML tags, i.e. you can define a custom tag with the same name as an already known HTML tag and use the original HTML tag inside it.Input:
1| <define-tag br whitespace=delete> 2| <br*><br*> 4| </define-tag> 5| 6| Some Text<br> 7| Some more Text
Output:
1| Some Text<br><br> 2| Some more Text
LESSON: Programming Tags In Perl
One of the essential features in WML is that you can embed Perl code at any point, just marked with `"<:"' and `":>"' delimiters. This can be combined with the tag definitions by programming tags in Perl.Input:
1| #use wml::std::tags
2| <define-tag me whitespace=delete>
3| <preserve at>
4| <set-var %attributes>
5| <:{
6| my $at = qq/<get-var at>/;
7| my $addr;
8| $addr = "rse\@engelschall.com" if $at eq '';
9| $addr = "rse\@engelschall.com" if $at eq 'engelschall';
10| $addr = "rse\@netsw.org" if $at eq 'netsw';
11| $addr = "rse\@apache.org" if $at eq 'apache';
12| $addr = "rse\@freebsd.org" if $at eq 'freebsd';
13| $addr = "rse\@sdm.de" if $at eq 'sdm';
14| print $addr;
15| }:>
16| <restore at>
17| </define-tag>
18|
19| This is <me> and <me at=apache>.
Output:
1| This is [email protected] and [email protected].
ADVANCED FEATURES
LESSON: Using Templates
We've already seen how to divert data to a location. Because WML automatically closes still opened diversions at EndOfFile, we can use this feature to create templates. Assume we have the following template defined in the file template.wml.
1| # the template itself
2| <html>
3| <head>
4| <title>{#SUBJECT_LOC#}</title>
5| </head>
6| <body>
7| <h1>{#SUBJECT_LOC#}</h1>
8| <blockquote>
9| {#BODY#}
10| </blockquote>
11| </body>
12| </html>
13|
14| # way to insert the subject
15| <define-tag subject>
16| {#SUBJECT_LOC#:%0:##}
17| </define-tag>
18|
19| # per default we are in body
20| {#BODY#:
Input:
1| #include 'template.wml' 2| 3| <subject "Foo, Bar and Quux"> 4| 5| This is about Foo, Bar and Quux...
Output:
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| <title>Foo, Bar and Quux</title> 4| </head> 5| <body> 6| <h1>Foo, Bar and Quux</h1> 7| <blockquote> 8| This is about Foo, Bar and Quux... 9| </blockquote> 10| </body> 11| </html>
You can even nest more than one template because the diversion mechanism in WML accepts location dumps and location fills at any point, even within other location fills.
LESSON: Creating Multi-Lingual Pages
The core languages of WML don't provide a dedicated facility to create multi-lingual pages, i.e. one or more output pages created out of a single input source, each one containing the same page information but in different human languages. But WML provides variants through ``slicing'' (Pass 9) and human languages are just a special case of general variants. So wml::std::lang exists which provides specialized multi-lingual support tags which are mapped to slices which then can be used to create the various output files.Let take an example:
1| #!wml -o (ALL-LANG_*)+LANG_EN:index.en.html \ 2| -o (ALL-LANG_*)+LANG_DE:index.de.html 3| 4| #use wml::std::page 5| #use wml::std::lang 6| 7| <lang:new id=en short> 8| <lang:new id=de short> 9| 10| <page> 11| 12| <h1><en: Welcome><de: Willkommen>!</h1> 13| 14| <a href="<lang:star: index2.*.html>">Index 2</a> 15| 16| <lang:area> 17| (en)This is a test page 18| (de)Dies ist eine Testseite 19| </lang:area>
After processing passes 1 to 8 ("wml -p1-8") the following is internally generated by WML:
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| </head> 4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066"> 5| <h1>[LANG_EN:Welcome:][LANG_DE:Willkommen:]!</h1> 6| <a href="[LANG_EN:index2.en.html:][LANG_DE:index2.de.html:]">Index 2</a> 7| [LANG_EN:This is a test page 8| :][LANG_DE:Dies ist eine Testseite:] 9| </body> 10| </html>
And then after processing pass 9 with the initial WML magic cookie line ("#!wml -o...") the following two files are generated:
index.en.html:
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| </head> 4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066"> 5| <h1>Welcome!</h1> 6| <a href="index2.en.html">Index 2</a> 7| This is a test page 8| 9| </body> 10| </html>
index.de.html:
1| <html> 2| <head> 3| </head> 4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066"> 5| <h1>Willkommen!</h1> 6| <a href="index2.de.html">Index 2</a> 7| Dies ist eine Testseite 8| </body> 9| </html>
And these two pages then can be served by a content negotiation feature of the webserver or by explicit references.
MORE INFORMATION
Now you've seen the various core languages of WML in action. For the gory details of what each language provides either read the all-in-one WML Introduction in wml_intro(7) or step through the particular manpages of the core languages. Start here with the frontend wml(1).Additionally can can step through the set of available standard include files WML ships with. Start with the top-level include file wml::all(3).