SYNOPSIS

To compile para-virtualized (PV) Xen guest support into an i386 kernel, place the following lines in your kernel configuration file:

options PAE options XEN nooptions NATIVE

To compile hardware-assisted virtualization (HVM) Xen guest support with para-virtualized drivers into an amd64 kernel, place the following lines in your kernel configuration file:

options XENHVM device xenpci

DESCRIPTION

The Xen Hypervisor allows multiple virtual machines to be run on a single computer system. When first released, Xen required that i386 kernels be compiled "para-virtualized" as the x86 instruction set was not fully virtualizable. Primarily, para-virtualization modifies the virtual memory system to use hypervisor calls (hypercalls) rather than direct hardware instructions to modify the TLB, although para-virtualized device drivers were also required to access resources such as virtual network interfaces and disk devices.

With later instruction set extensions from AMD and Intel to support fully virtualizable instructions, unmodified virtual memory systems can also be supported; this is referred to as hardware-assisted virtualization (HVM). HVM configurations may either rely on transparently emulated hardware peripherals, or para-virtualized drivers, which are aware of virtualization, and hence able to optimize certain behaviors to improve performance or semantics.

Fx supports a fully para-virtualized (PV) kernel on the i386 architecture using options XEN and nooptions NATIVE currently, this requires use of a PAE kernel, enabled via options PAE

Fx supports hardware-assisted virtualization (HVM) on both the i386 and amd64 kernels; however, PV device drivers with an HVM kernel are only supported on the amd64 architecture, and require options XENHVM and device xenpci

Para-virtualized device drivers are required in order to support certain functionality, such as processing management requests, returning idle physical memory pages to the hypervisor, etc.

Xen DomU device drivers

Xen para-virtualized drivers are automatically added to the kernel if a PV kernel is compiled using options XEN for HVM environments, options XENHVM and device xenpci are required. The follow drivers are supported:

balloon

Allow physical memory pages to be returned to the hypervisor as a result of manual tuning or automatic policy.

blkback

Exports local block devices or files to other Xen domains where they can then be imported via blkfront

blkfront

Import block devices from other Xen domains as local block devices, to be used for file systems, swap, etc.

console

Export the low-level system console via the Xen console service.

control

Process management operations from Domain 0, including power off, reboot, suspend, crash, and halt requests.

evtchn

Expose Xen events via the /dev/xen/evtchn special device.

netback

Export local network interfaces to other Xen domains where they can be imported via netfront

netfront

Import network interfaces from other Xen domains as local network interfaces, which may be used for IPv4, IPv6, etc.

pcifront

Allow physical PCI devices to be passed through into a PV domain.

xenpci

Represents the Xen PCI device, an emulated PCI device that is exposed to HVM domains. This device allows detection of the Xen hypervisor, and provides interrupt and shared memory services required to interact with the hypervisor.

Performance considerations

In general, PV drivers will perform better than emulated hardware, and are the recommended configuration for HVM installations.

Using a hypervisor introduces a second layer of scheduling that may limit the effectiveness of certain Fx scheduling optimisations. Among these is adaptive locking, which is no longer able to determine whether a thread holding a lock is in execution. It is recommended that adaptive locking be disabled when using Xen:

options NO_ADAPTIVE_MUTEXES
options NO_ADAPTIVE_RWLOCKS
options NO_ADAPTIVE_SX

HISTORY

Support for first appeared in Fx 8.1 .

AUTHORS

An -nosplit Fx support for Xen was first added by An Kip Macy Aq [email protected] and An Doug Rabson Aq [email protected] . Further refinements were made by An Justin Gibbs Aq [email protected] , An Adrian Chadd Aq [email protected] , and An Colin Percival Aq [email protected] . This manual page was written by An Robert Watson Aq [email protected] .