SYNOPSIS

use DBI;
my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:SQLite2:dbname=dbfile","","");

DESCRIPTION

SQLite is a public domain RDBMS database engine that you can find at http://www.sqlite.org/.

Rather than ask you to install SQLite first, because SQLite is public domain, DBD::SQLite2 includes the entire thing in the distribution. So in order to get a fast transaction capable RDBMS working for your perl project you simply have to install this module, and nothing else.

For real work please use the updated DBD::SQLite driver with the up-to-date sqlite3 backend. SQLite2 supports the following features:

Implements a large subset of SQL92

See http://www.sqlite.org/lang.html for details.

A complete DB in a single disk file

Everything for your database is stored in a single disk file, making it easier to move things around than with DBD::CSV.

Atomic commit and rollback

Yes, DBD::SQLite2 is small and light, but it supports full transactions

Extensible

User-defined aggregate or regular functions can be registered with the SQL parser.

There's lots more to it, so please refer to the docs on the SQLite web page, listed above, for SQL details. Also refer to DBI for details on how to use DBI itself.

CONFORMANCE WITH DBI SPECIFICATION

The API works like every DBI module does. Please see DBI for more details about core features.

Currently many statement attributes are not implemented or are limited by the typeless nature of the SQLite2 database.

DRIVER PRIVATE ATTRIBUTES

Database Handle Attributes

sqlite_version

Returns the version of the SQLite library which DBD::SQLite2 is using, i.e, ``2.8.15''.

sqlite_encoding

Returns either ``UTF-8'' or ``iso8859'' to indicate how the SQLite library was compiled.

sqlite_handle_binary_nulls

Set this attribute to 1 to transparently handle binary nulls in quoted and returned data.

NOTE: This will cause all backslash characters ("\") to be doubled up in all columns regardless of whether or not they contain binary data or not. This may break your database if you use it from another application. This does not use the built in "sqlite_encode_binary" and "sqlite_decode_binary" functions, which may be considered a bug.

DRIVER PRIVATE METHODS

$dbh->func('last_insert_rowid')

This method returns the last inserted rowid. If you specify an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY as the first column in your table, that is the column that is returned. Otherwise, it is the hidden ROWID column. See the sqlite docs for details.

$dbh->func( $name, $argc, $func_ref, create_function )

This method will register a new function which will be useable in SQL query. The method's parameters are:

$name

The name of the function. This is the name of the function as it will be used from SQL.

$argc

The number of arguments taken by the function. If this number is -1, the function can take any number of arguments.

$func_ref

This should be a reference to the function's implementation.

For example, here is how to define a now() function which returns the current number of seconds since the epoch:

    $dbh->func( 'now', 0, sub { return time }, 'create_function' );

After this, it could be use from SQL as:

    INSERT INTO mytable ( now() );

$dbh->func( $name, $argc, $pkg, 'create_aggregate' )

This method will register a new aggregate function which can then used from SQL. The method's parameters are:

$name

The name of the aggregate function, this is the name under which the function will be available from SQL.

$argc

This is an integer which tells the SQL parser how many arguments the function takes. If that number is -1, the function can take any number of arguments.

$pkg

This is the package which implements the aggregator interface.

The aggregator interface consists of defining three methods:

new()

This method will be called once to create an object which should be used to aggregate the rows in a particular group. The step() and finalize() methods will be called upon the reference return by the method.

step(@_)

This method will be called once for each rows in the aggregate.

finalize()

This method will be called once all rows in the aggregate were processed and it should return the aggregate function's result. When there is no rows in the aggregate, finalize() will be called right after new().

Here is a simple aggregate function which returns the variance (example adapted from pysqlite):

    package variance;
    sub new { bless [], shift; }
    sub step {
        my ( $self, $value ) = @_;
        push @$self, $value;
    }
    sub finalize {
        my $self = $_[0];
        my $n = @$self;
        # Variance is NULL unless there is more than one row
        return undef unless $n || $n == 1;
        my $mu = 0;
        foreach my $v ( @$self ) {
            $mu += $v;
        }
        $mu /= $n;
        my $sigma = 0;
        foreach my $v ( @$self ) {
            $sigma += ($x - $mu)**2;
        }
        $sigma = $sigma / ($n - 1);
        return $sigma;
    }
    $dbh->func( "variance", 1, 'variance', "create_aggregate" );

The aggregate function can then be used as:

    SELECT group_name, variance(score) FROM results
    GROUP BY group_name;

NOTES

To access the database from the command line, try using dbish which comes with the DBI module. Just type:

  dbish dbi:SQLite:foo.db

On the command line to access the file foo.db.

Alternatively you can install SQLite from the link above without conflicting with DBD::SQLite2 and use the supplied "sqlite" command line tool.

PERFORMANCE

SQLite is fast, very fast. I recently processed my 72MB log file with it, inserting the data (400,000+ rows) by using transactions and only committing every 1000 rows (otherwise the insertion is quite slow), and then performing queries on the data.

Queries like count(*) and avg(bytes) took fractions of a second to return, but what surprised me most of all was:

  SELECT url, count(*) as count FROM access_log
    GROUP BY url
    ORDER BY count desc
    LIMIT 20

To discover the top 20 hit URLs on the site (http://axkit.org), and it returned within 2 seconds. I'm seriously considering switching my log analysis code to use this little speed demon!

Oh yeah, and that was with no indexes on the table, on a 400MHz PIII.

For best performance be sure to tune your hdparm settings if you are using linux. Also you might want to set:

  PRAGMA default_synchronous = OFF

Which will prevent sqlite from doing fsync's when writing (which slows down non-transactional writes significantly) at the expense of some peace of mind. Also try playing with the cache_size pragma.

AUTHOR

Matt Sergeant, [email protected]

Perl extension functions contributed by Francis J. Lacoste <[email protected]> and Wolfgang Sourdeau <[email protected]>. Maintenance help by Reini Urban <[email protected]>

LICENSE

This module is available under the same licences as perl, the Artistic license and the GPL.